ABSTRACTRomero-Parra, N, Cupeiro, R, Alfaro-Magallanes, VM, Rael, B, Rubio-Arias, JA, Peinado, AB, and Benito, PJ, IronFEMME Study Group. Exercise-induced muscle damage during the menstrual cycleA ...systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X)000–000, 2020—A strenuous bout of exercise could trigger damage of muscle tissue, and it is not clear how sex hormone fluctuations occurring during the menstrual cycle (MC) affect this response. The aims of this study were to systematically search and assess studies that have evaluated exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in eumenorrheic women over the MC and to perform a meta-analysis to quantify which MC phases display the muscle damage response. The guidelines of the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis were followed. A total of 19 articles were analyzed in the quantitative synthesis. Included studies examined EIMD in at least one phase of the following MC phasesearly follicular phase (EFP), late follicular phase (LFP), or midluteal phase (MLP). The meta-analysis demonstrated differences between MC phases for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and strength loss (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were observed between MC phases for creatine kinase. The maximum mean differences between pre-excercise and post-exercise for DOMS were EFP6.57 (4.42, 8.71), LFP5.37 (2.10, 8.63), and MLP3.08 (2.22, 3.95), whereas for strength loss were EFP−3.46 (−4.95, −1.98), LFP−1.63 (−2.36, −0.89), and MLP−0.72 (−1.07, −0.36) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that hormone fluctuations throughout the MC affect EIMD in terms of DOMS and strength loss. Lower training loads or longer recovery periods could be considered in the EFP, when sex hormone concentrations are lower and women may be more vulnerable to muscle damage, whereas strength conditioning loads could be enhanced in the MLP.
ABSTRACTCormier, P, Freitas, TT, Rubio-Arias, JÁ, and Alcaraz, PE. Complex and contrast trainingDoes strength and power training sequence affect performance-based adaptations in team sports? A ...systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 34(5)1461–1479, 2020—The aims of this meta-analysis were to examine the effects of 2 different strength and power training sequences (complexCPX; and contrastCNT, training) on performance-based adaptations in team sports {lower-body strength (1 repetition maximum 1RM), vertical jump (VJ), sprinting, and change of direction (COD) ability}, as well as identify factors potentially affecting said adaptations (i.e., athlete level, type of sport, intensity, and duration). CPX is the combination training that alternates biomechanically similar high load weight training exercises with lighter load power exercises, set for set (e.g., squats followed by countermovement jumps). CNT is the combination training where all high load strength exercises are performed at the beginning of the session and all lighter load power exercises at the end. After an electronic database search (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and WoS), a total of 27 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs). Baseline to postintervention overall results for the studied variables(a) 1RMlarge effects for CPX (SMD = 2.01, 95% confidence interval CI 1.18–2.84) and CNT (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI 0.61–1.98); (b) VJlarge effects for CPX (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI 0.42–1.34) and medium effects for CNT (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI 0.29–0.81); (c) sprintlarge effects for CPX (SMD = −0.94, 95% CI −1.33 to −0.54) and small effects for CNT (SMD = −0.27, 95% CI −0.92 to 0.39); and (d) CODlarge effects for CPX (SMD = −1.17, 95% CI −1.43 to −0.90) and medium effects for CNT (SMD = −0.68, 95% CI −1.20 to −0.15). Regarding the studies that contained a control group(a) 1RMlarge effects for CPX (SMD = 1.61, 95% CI 1.12–2.10) and CNT (SMD = 1.38, 95% CI 0.30–2.46); (b) VJlarge effects for CPX (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI 0.45–1.25) and medium for CNT (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.19–0.81); (c) sprintmedium effects for CPX (SMD = −0.69, 95% CI −1.02 to −0.36) and CNT (SMD = −0.51, 95% CI −0.90 to −0.11); and (d) CODlarge effects for CPX (SMD = −0.83, 95% CI −1.08 to −0.59), and there were no control groups for CNT. In conclusion, both training interventions may lead to positive performance-based adaptations in team-sports with CPX interventions potentially leading to slightly greater effects.
This review aims to systematically analyze the effect of exercise on muscle MCT protein levels and mRNA expression of their respective genes, considering exercise intensity, and duration ...(single‐exercise session and training program) in humans and rodents, to observe whether both models offer aligned results. The review also aims to report methodological aspects that need to be improved in future studies. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was followed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 studies were included and evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration tool for risk of bias assessment. The main findings indicate that exercise is a powerful stimulus to increase MCT1 protein content in human muscle. MCT4 protein level increases can also be observed after a training program, although its responsiveness is lower compared to MCT1. Both transporters seem to change independently of exercise intensity, but the responses that occur with each intensity and each duration need to be better defined. The effect of exercise on muscle mRNA results is less defined, and more research is needed especially in humans. Moreover, results in rodents only agree with human results on the effect of a training program on MCT1 protein levels, indicating increases in both. Finally, we addressed important and feasible methodological aspects to improve the design of future studies.
Highlights • In middle-aged women, low-moderate levels of programmed exercise for 12-16 weeks had a positive effect on sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), when ...compared with controls. • In a subgroup analysis, moderate levels of programmed exercise (aerobic exercise) had a positive effect on sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, while low levels of physical activity (yoga) did not have a significant effect. • There was a non-significant reduction in the severity of insomnia measured with the Insomnia Severity Index score compared with controls.
To analyze the effectiveness of resistance training programs (RTP) on strength, functional capacity, balance, general health perception, and fatigue for people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and to ...determine the most effective dose of RTP in this population.
Studies examining the effect of RTP on strength, functional capacity, balance, general health perception, and fatigue in MS patients were included. 44 studies were included. The meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression methods were used to calculate the mean difference and standardized mean difference.
Significant group differences were observed in knee extensor (p = 0.01) and flexor (p < 0.001), but not in 1-repetition maximum. Regarding functional capacity and balance, differences between groups, in favour of the RTP group, were found in the Timed Up and Go Test (p = 0.001), walking endurance, (p = 0.02) gait speed (p = 0.02) and balance (p = 0.02). No significant differences between groups were observed in fatigue or general health perception. The results regarding the optimal dose are inconsistent.
RTP improves strength, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue in people with MS. Registration: (PROSPERO): CRD42020182781
Implications for rehabilitation
Resistance training is a valid strategy to improve isometric strength and functional capacity in MS patients.
RTP using long durations (more than 6 weeks), high intensity (more than 80% 1-RM) and two-day weekly training frequency may be a correct stimulus to improve strength, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue in people with MS.
Trainers and rehabilitators should consider these indicators in order to maximize muscular and functional adaptations in this population.
It is well known that concurrent increases in both maximal strength and aerobic capacity are associated with improvements in sports performance as well as overall health. One of the most popular ...training methods used for achieving these objectives is resistance circuit-based training.
The objective of the present systematic review with a meta-analysis was to evaluate published studies that have investigated the effects of resistance circuit-based training on maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum of the upper-body strength (bench press exercise) in healthy adults.
The following electronic databases were searched from January to June 2016: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) examined healthy adults aged between 18 and 65 years; (2) met the characteristics of resistance circuit-based training; and (3) analysed the outcome variables of maximum oxygen uptake using a gas analyser and/or one-repetition maximum bench press.
Of the 100 articles found from the database search and after all duplicates were removed, eight articles were analysed for maximum oxygen uptake. Of 118 healthy adults who performed resistance circuit-based training, maximum oxygen uptake was evaluated before and after the training programme. Additionally, from the 308 articles found for one-repetition maximum, eight articles were analysed. The bench press one-repetition maximum load, of 237 healthy adults who performed resistance circuit-based training, was evaluated before and after the training programme. Significant increases in maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press were observed following resistance circuit-based training. Additionally, significant differences in maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press were found between the resistance circuit-based training and control groups.
The meta-analysis showed that resistance circuit-based training, independent of the protocol used in the studies, is effective in increasing maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press in healthy adults. However, its effect appears to be larger depending on the population and training characteristics. For large effects in maximum oxygen uptake, the programme should include ~14-30 sessions for ~6-12 weeks, with each session lasting at least ~20-30 min, at intensities between ~60 and 90% one-repetition maximum. For large effects in one-repetition maximum bench press, the data indicate that intensity should be ~30-60% one-repetition maximum, with sessions lasting at least ~22.5-60 min. However, the lower participant's baseline fitness level may explain the lighter optimal loads used in the circuit training studies where greater strength gains were reported.
Summary
Adherence is key for achieving the optimal benefits from a weight loss intervention. Despite the number of studies on factors that promote adherence, their findings suggest inconsistent and ...fragmented evidence. The aim of this study was to review the existing factors of adherence to weight loss interventions and to find factors that facilitate the design of effective intervention programs. Six databases were searched for this umbrella review; after the screening process, 21 studies were included. A total of 47 factors were identified in six groups as relevant for adherence: (i) sociodemographic (n = 7), (ii) physical activity (n = 2), (iii) dietary (n = 8), (iv) behavioral (n = 4), (v) pharmacological (n = 3), and (vi) multi‐intervention (n = 23). In addition, a map of adherence factors was created. The main findings are that with respect to demographic factors, the development of personalized intervention strategies based on the characteristics of specific populations is encouraged. Moreover, self‐monitoring has been shown to be effective in behavioral, dietary, and multi‐interventions, while technology has shown potential in dietary, behavioral, and multi‐interventions. In addition, multi‐interventions are adherence‐promoting strategies, although more evidence is required on adherence to pharmacological interventions. Overall, the factor map can be controlled and modified by researchers and practitioners to improve adherence to weight loss interventions.
Pelvic floor muscle training is commonly used for urine loss. However, research studies have not determined which training load is the most effective for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ...Moreover, none of the previous reviews or studies have described the total effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with an objective test such as the pad test. The objectives were to analyze the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in women with SUI and to determine which training load produces the greatest adaptations for decreasing urine loss. The search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane), for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of PFMT. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: participants were women; were older than 18; had SUI; were treated with PFMT; and the assessments of the effects were measured with a pad test. Finally, 10 articles (293 women) analyzed the pad test in women with SUI who performed PFMT. The meta-analysis showed that PFMT, independent of the protocol used in the study, resulted in decreased urine loss in women suffering from SUI. However, for large effects, the program should last 6-12 weeks, with >3 sessions/week and a length of session <45 min.
Osteoporosis is a condition associated with a greater incidence of fractures, and one of the main health-related concerns in postmenopausal women. To counteract possible reductions in bone ...properties, physical exercise has been proposed as an effective strategy. Particularly, training interventions with a high osteogenic potential are recommended.
To analyze the effect of 24 weeks of whole-body vibration and multi-component training on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mass, and to determine what type of training produces greater adaptations in postmenopausal women.
A total of 38 women completed the study (Clinical Gov database ID: NCT01966562). Participants were randomly assigned to one of the study groups: whole-body vibration group (WBVG), multi-component training group (MTG), or control group (CG). The experimental groups performed a progressive 24-week training (3 sessions/week) program. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
Significantly and clinically relevant increases in lumbar spine bone mass (BMD:
= 3.29;
= 0.03; +5.15%; BMC:
= 2.90;
= 0.05; +10.58%) were observed in WBVG. MTG showed clinically important pre-post-changes on lumbar spine BMC (+7.78%), although there was no statistical significance (
= 1.97;
= 0.14). At the femoral neck, no statistically significant increases on bone mass were obtained in either training group. No changes were obtained in any variable in the CG. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found between groups.
The results indicated that 24 weeks of supervised WBV and MT may counteract the rapid loss of bone mass after the cessation of menstruation, thus improving postmenopausal women bone health. However, in the absence of statistically significant differences between groups, it is not possible to determine which training protocol produces greater adaptations.
www.ClinicalTrialsgov, identifier: NCT01966562.
The aims of the present systematic review and meta-analysis were to evaluate published, randomized controlled trials that investigate the effects on whole-body vibration (WBV) training on total, ...femoral neck, and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, and identify the potential moderating factors explaining the adaptations to such training.
From a search of electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane) up until September 2017, a total 10 studies with 14 WBV groups met the inclusion criteria. Three different authors tabulated, independently, the selected indices in identical predetermined forms. The methodological quality of all studies was evaluated according to the modified PEDro scale. For each trial, differences within arms were calculated as mean differences (MDs) and their 95% confidence intervals between pre- and postintervention values. The effects on bone mass between exercise and control groups were also expressed as MDs. Both analyses were performed in the total sample and in a specific class of postmenopausal women younger than 65 years of age (excluding older women).
The BMD of 462 postmenopausal women who performed WBV or control protocol was evaluated. Significant pre-post improvements in BMD of the lumbar spine were identified following WBV protocols (P = .03). Significant differences in femoral neck BMD (P = .03) were also found between intervention and control groups when analyzing studies that included postmenopausal women younger than 65 years.
WBV is an effective method to improve lumbar spine BMD in postmenopausal and older women and to enhance femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women younger than 65 years.
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