Isolation of cellulose in empty fruit bunch (EFB) is hindered by lignin content. EFB was pretreated with Pleurotus ostreatus which has the ability to degrade lignin, in various incubation times (0th, ...15th,30th, 45th, and 60th). The result showed lignin and cellulose decreased from 29.3% to 20.3% and from 40.2% to 26.2%, respectively. The optimum degradation time was on 30th day in which lignin and cellulose contents decreased from 29.3% to 20.3% and from 41% to 39.7% respectively. The cellulose to lignin (C/L) ratio increased from 1.40 to 1.99. These data revealed that P. ostreatus have a high potential for EFB delignification.
Background: Pternandra galeata belongs to the family Melastomataceae. It is a native flowering plant in Borneo Island that serve as food for monkey habitat. There has been limited study on the ...medicinal and chemical properties of this plant. Objectives: We investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and evaluated the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Pternandra galeata stem. The total phenolic content in the sample was also determined. Methods: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assays were performed using Ellman’s method. Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method by employing gallic acid as a reference. Results: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stems inhibited the AChE enzyme with an IC50value of 74.62 ± 0.89 µg/mL. The sample exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 20.21 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 7.68 ± 0.09µg/mL in the ABTS scavenging assay. The total phenolic content was 164.71 ± 3.33
mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stem can be a promising cholinesterase inhibitor and antioxidant for treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Lansium plants produce not only terpenoids as the main constituent but also contain phenolics on the basis of phytochemical analysis. Unfortunately, there are still limited information about phenolic ...structures from this plants. This study was conducted to identify one of phenolic structures from chloroform fraction of Lansium domesticum root. The chloroform fraction was fractionated and purified by chromatographic techniques such as vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and column chromatography (CC) to obtain a coumarin. Additionally, the coumarin structure was characterized by 1H-NMR. The isolated coumarin showed a positive result for the phenolic test with FeCl3 5%. The 1H-NMR spectrum of isolated coumarin revealed chemical shifts at δH 7,60 (1H, d, J = 9,5 Hz), 6,92 (1H, s), 6,84 (1H, s), 6,27 (1H, d, J = 9,5 Hz), 6,14 (1H, s), and 3,95 (3H, s). Based on those results and comparison with literature data, it can be concluded that the isolated coumarin is iso-scopoletin (1)
Poverty is a significant social problem in various regions of Indonesia, including the Jeneponto Regency in South Sulawesi. This research aims to formulate a model of community empowerment policy in ...Jeneponto Regency to address this issue. The study uses a qualitative descriptive method, with a specific focus on observing the situation of poor people in Kapita Village, Jeneponto Regency. Data collection involves using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The policy model for empowering the poor in Jeneponto Regency is implemented through collaboration between the government, relevant SKPD (Local Government Work Units), and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations). The activities conducted for the poor are designed to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and skills, primarily in the field of farming and livestock businesses related to agriculture. The knowledge developed among the poor includes effective management of farming and livestock businesses, operating tractors, and utilizing agriculture. Attitude improvement is fostered by promoting a sense of community, helping one another for the common good, advocating the use of machines over animals, encouraging morale, discipline, and fostering positive relationships. In terms of skill improvement, the poor are trained in repairing vehicles and crafting cabinets and chairs. The policy model of empowering the poor emphasizes the utilization of assistance, training, and support to enable the process of empowering the poor, ultimately leading to their betterment, empowerment, and independence.
Keywords: model, empowerment policy, poor farming community
Modification of silica xerogel with TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) reagent has been carried out to improve the hydrophobicity of silica xerogel. Silica xerogel was synthesized based on the sol-gel ...method using sodium silicate as a precursor, and citric acid as a catalyst, with a mole ratio of sodium silicate and citric acid, was 0.172: 0.004. The sol-gel process was carried out through several stages, i.e., hydrolysis and condensation of sodium silicate to form sol, gelation (sol transition to gel), aging, and drying. Surface modification was performed by studying the effect of TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine volume ratio of 0.5:1:1, 1:1:1, 1.5:1:1, 2:1:1, and 2.5:1:1 on the characteristics of silica xerogel synthesized. FTIR, SEM, and GSA characterized the synthesized results. The results of FTIR characterization on silica xerogel with volume ratios of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1 indicate the presence of the Si‑C group absorption at a wavenumber of 848.68 cm-1 which shows that the formation of silyl groups on the modified silica xerogel surfaces occurs at a TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine ratio of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1. SEM results indicate that the silica xerogels produced are porous. Meanwhile, the GSA analysis results show that the pore size distributions are in the mesoporous region with an average pore radius of 8-13 nm. The greater the volume of TMCS used, the higher the surface area, and the resulting xerogel’s hydrophobicity. Based on the contact angle and seeped time test, the highest hydrophobicity is produced by the material synthesized at a TMCS: methanol: PB volume ratio of 2.5:1:1 with a contact angle of 116.346°.
Pencarian senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak aseton kayu batang tumbuhan Durio oxleyanus Griff telah menghasilkan senyawa steroid androst-1,4-dien-3,7-dion (1) beserta dua senyawa lignan yaitu ...boehmenan (2) dan boehmenan X (3) dan fraksidin (4). Struktur kimia senyawa hasil isolasi tersebut dielusidasi berdasarkan data spektroskopi dan perbandingan dengan data spektrum yang telah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Kata Kunci: Durio, steroid, lignan, kumarin
Waste glass materials coming from municipal and industrial processes have become a serious problem for the environment in the near future. Silica gels have been long attracting attention since it is ...widely used for many applications. It had also been studied by several fields because of its surface properties. In this study, semi-polar silica gels have been synthesized. C4-silica gels have been prepared by reaction between tributylamine (TBA) and silica gels produced from waste glass. The waste glass was powdered, soaked in NaOH, then heated at 400 oC to obtain sodium silicate. Silica gels were produced by neutralized the sodium silicate using HCl, dissolved in H2O, and dried in an oven at 80 oC. Silica gels were solubilized in TBA, stirred, and dried in the oven to obtain C4-silica gels. Silica gels were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while Infra Red (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted to obtained C4-silica gels. XRD analysis of silica gels showed that the highest peak intensity was observed at 2θ = 22.655°. The band at 1381.03 cm-1 in the IR spectrum was attributed to the nitro-oxygen bond (N-O). SEM images showed that the surface of C4-silica gels was smoother and more flat than the previous silica gels.
Gitaan (Willughbeia coriacea Wall.) is an endemic plant that grows wild in the forests of Kalimantan. Traditionally, parts of this plant have been applied for fork-lore medication in Dayak tribe. ...However, scarce information both for secondary metabolites and biological activities of this plant has been reported, especially for flavonoids. This research was conducted to determine structure of flavonoid from ethyl acetate fraction of gitaan roots by spectroscopy analysis. The ethyl acetate fraction was purified by several chromatography techiques in order to isolate compound 1. On the basis of NMR analysis including DART-HRMS data and comparison with literature, an isoflavonoid obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of gitaan roots is formononetin.
Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. ...Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.
Streptomyces
sp. RS2 was isolated from an unidentified sponge collected around Randayan Island, Indonesia. The genome of
Streptomyces
sp. RS2 consists of a linear chromosome of 9,391,717 base pairs ...with 71.9% of G + C content, 8270 protein-coding genes, as well as 18 rRNA and 85 tRNA loci. Twenty-eight putative secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified in the genome sequence. Nine of them have 100% similarity to BGCs for albaflavenone,
α
-lipomycin, coelibactin, coelichelin, ectoine, geosmin, germicidin, hopene, and lanthionine (SapB). The remaining 19 BGCs have low (< 50%) or moderate (50–80%) similarity to other known secondary metabolite BGCs. Biological activity assays of extracts from 21 different cultures of the RS2 strain showed that SCB ASW was the best medium for the production of antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds.
Streptomyces
sp. RS2 has great potential to be a producer of novel secondary metabolites, particularly those with antimicrobial and antitumor activities.
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