This paper evaluates the performance of the current analytical methods (standard and widely used otherwise) that are used in olive oil for determining fatty acids, triacylglycerols, mono- and ...diacylglycerols, waxes, sterols, alkyl esters, erythrodiol and uvaol, tocopherols, pigments, volatiles, and phenols. Other indices that are commonly used, such as free acidity and peroxide value, are also discussed in relation to their actual utility in assessing quality and safety and their possible alternatives. The methods have been grouped on the basis of their applications: (i) purity and authenticity; (ii) sensory quality control; and (iii) unifying methods for different applications. The speed of the analysis, advantages and disadvantages, and multiple quality parameters are assessed. Sample pretreatment, physicochemical and data analysis, and evaluation of the results have been taken into consideration. Solutions based on new chromatographic methods or spectroscopic analysis and their analytical characteristics are also presented.
The flavor of dry cured ham explains the high appreciation of this product and it determines consumer acceptance. Volatile compounds provide valuable information about the odor and sensory quality of ...dry cured hams. Since amino acids are the origin of some volatile compounds of dry cured ham, the volatile and amino acid compositions of forty-one dry cured hams from Spain and France were determined to establish associations between them. The samples included different pig breeds (non Iberian vs. Iberian), which were additionally affected by different maturation times and feeding types (acorn vs. fodder). Results showed that 20 volatile compounds were able to distinguish Iberian and non Iberian hams, and 16 of those had relevant sensory impact according to their odor activity values. 3-Methylbutanol, 2-heptanol and hexanal were among the most concentrated volatile compounds. In the case of non-volatile compounds, the concentrations of amino acids were generally higher in Iberian hams, and all the amino acids were able to distinguish Iberian from non Iberian hams with the exception of tryptophan and asparagine. A strong correlation of some amino acids with volatile compounds was found in the particular case of alcohols and aldehydes when only Iberian hams were considered. The high correlation values found in some cases proved that proteolysis plays an important role in aroma generation.
•EVOOs were differentiated between green fruity and ripe fruity sensory classes.•Sensory and volatile analyses were developed and correlated.•Three analytical methods were assessed for volatile ...characterization of classes.•The advantages of PARADISe processing for volatile analyses were confirmed.•Some volatile compounds were identified as “green” or “ripe” fruity markers.
An objective sensory evaluation of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), involving the chemical characterization of positive attributes, is of interest. These attributes are objectively divided, according to fruitiness, into “green” and “ripe” fruity. This work studied the differentiation in the volatile profile of EVOOs into these two classes, obtained by three analytical methods, including different extraction techniques and detectors and two data processing strategies, and their relation with sensory results. According to the results, each method allowed the characterization of the two classes, providing information on different volatile compounds, which increased in number through PARADISe software (14 more than the conventional processing). Moreover, some volatile compounds showed significant differences between the two classes, 16 highlighted by the variables with importance in projection (VIP) for green fruity (e.g. (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, methyl ether) and 23 for ripe fruity EVOOs (e.g. (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol), which could be considered as useful markers to complement quality assessment.
BACKGROUNDPatients with oral lichen planus (OLP) have an increased risk of oral cancer. For this reason, OLP is classified as an oral potentially malignant disorder. However, the precise personal (or ...individual) risk is unknown. Recent meta-analytical studies have reported that dysplastic OLP may transform to cancer in around 6% of cases, while the rate of transformation is lower (<1.5%) in non-dysplastic cases. The presence of epithelial dysplasia has emerged as the most powerful indicator for assessing cancer risk in oral potentially malignant disorders in routine practice. However, the general acceptance of epithelial dysplasia as an accompanying histologic feature in OLP is subject to great controversy. Many pathologists consider the presence of dysplasia as a criterion to exclude OLP when routinely reporting on this disease. This practice, widespread among oral pathology professionals, has resulted in the underestimation of the potential for malignancy of OLP. MATERIAL AND METHODSA review of the literature was carried out in order to critically analyze the relevance, controversies and challenges encountered across the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia in OLP. RESULTS12 studies have been published examining dysplastic changes in OLP, reporting figures ranging from 0.54% to 25% of cases with dysplasia in the first diagnostic biopsy. The diagnosis of dysplasia in the OLP poses an additional difficulty due to the fact that the affected oral epithelium per se develops changes related to autoimmune aggression. Among the most frequent histological features of OLP that develops dysplasia are basal cell hyperplasia with basaloid appearance, loss of basal cells polarity, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and irregular stratification. CONCLUSIONSEpithelial dysplasia should not be considered an exclusion criterion for OLP; its evaluation requires experienced pathologists in this field.
Titanium reduced oxides TiO2–x occupy, since long time, a prominent place on the landscape of binary metal oxides because of their intriguing ability to form extended defects that affect both the ...formation of new superlattices and different electronic behaviours. Related to these features, a wide range of practical applications has been achieved. Moved by the conviction of the great potential of understanding the influence of the reactivity, compositional variations and size effects on their functional properties, the aim of this personal account is the optimization of a recently developed strategy for the stabilization of low n TinO2n–1 terms. In particular, we will focus on the Ti4O7 composition as well as the incorporation of transition metals, like Mn, in order to deal with new reduced Magnéli phases.
Titanium reduced oxides TiO2–x occupy, since long time, a prominent place on the landscape of binary metal oxides because of their intriguing ability to form extended defects that affect both the formation of new superlattices and different electronic behaviours. Related to these features, a wide range of practical applications has been achieved. Moved by the conviction of the great potential of understanding the influence of the reactivity, compositional variations and size effects on their functional properties, the aim of this personal account is the optimization of a recently developed strategy for the stabilization of low n TinO2n–1 terms. In particular, we will focus on the Ti4O7 composition as well as the incorporation of transition metals, like Mn, in order to deal with new reduced Magnéli phases.
This work studies the relationship between 45 volatile compounds and 17 sensory attributes (13 flavour perceptions) of dry-cured hams. Volatile compounds were quantified by SPME-GC while the sensory ...assessment was carried out by 13 panellists. GC-sniffing was used to determine the odour impact zones of the chromatogram. The odour thresholds of the volatile compounds and their sensory characterisation were determined by dilution analysis. Six sensory attributes (acorn odour and flavour, rancid odour, rancid taste, fat rancid and fat pungent flavours) were explained by regression equations (adjusted –R2⩾0.70) based on ten compounds: benzaldehyde, 2-heptanone, hexanal, hexanol, limonene, 3-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanol, 2-nonanone, octanol, pentanol. Acorn flavour attribute was successfully emulated by mixing the volatile compounds selected by the equation. Its odour was evaluated by assessors that gave a sensory description that matches with the target. All the procedures performed for the elucidation of volatile-attribute relations showed a basic agreement in their results.
Freeze injuries in olives are responsible for the ‘frostbitten olives’ sensory defect that is sometimes detected in virgin olive oil. This defect is becoming one of the most common negative ...attributes today because climate change has modified weather patterns. The temperature changes can take place abruptly, with rapid freeze–thaw cycles, or gradually. These changes produce significant alterations in the quality of the oils. This study analyzed the volatile composition of virgin olive oils characterized with ‘frostbitten olives’ defect. The volatile information allowed grouping these oils into two types characterized with two different profiles. One of them is characterized by ‘soapy’ and ‘strawberry-like’ perceptions and the presence of two volatile compounds (ethyl 2-methyl butanoate and ethyl propanoate). The second profile is characterized by ‘wood’ and ‘humidity’ descriptors and a high concentration of two volatiles (pentanal and octanal). These results on volatiles explain the existence of two sensory profiles associated with the ‘frostbitten olives’ defect.
Trade standards are continuously updated to give plausible solutions to situations created by fraudsters who apply the most sophisticated procedures to their objectives of olive oil adulteration. ...Clustered inside targeted and profiling approaches, methods based on spectroscopic, isotopic and chromatographic techniques are reviewed. Chromatographic methods, most of them being official methods, compete with newer methods based on spectroscopic, isotopic and trace element techniques for ensuring that the pace of research in the detection of malpractices is rapid enough.
The speed of the analyses, the need of statistical interpretation of the results, the quality parameters of the methods, limit of detection of the adulterants, and the applicability range among others are on the basis for the absolute and comparative analyses of the most known methods, which results are unpacked in the paper. The new frontiers of research in the field of olive oil authenticity are also dissected together with the challenges for the near future.
The extensive and deep analysis of the methods for quantifying the chemical compounds responsible for olive oil authenticity will contribute to a better comprehension of the complex analytical world of olive oil for the analyst working with this food product for the first time, as well as for experienced professionals.
•Critical analyses of standard methods with practical comments are provided.•Tools for olive oil analysis are divided into targeted and profiling methodologies.•Despite the high number of methods, there are still unsolved adulterations.•The geographical traceability is one of the new authenticity challenges.
Air pollution has been linked to adverse neonatal outcomes, mainly in the case of prolonged exposures. This study focuses on the short-term effects on maternal health.
We conducted a retrospective ...ecological time-series study in the Madrid Region covering the period 2013–2018. The independent variables were mean daily concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10/PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as well as noise levels. The dependent variables were daily emergency hospital admissions due to complications in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. Poisson generalised linear regression models were fitted to quantify the relative and attributable risks, controlling for trend, seasonality, the autoregressive nature of the series, and a number of meteorological factors.
There were 318 069 emergency hospital admissions due to obstetric complications across the 2191 days of study. Of this total: 13 164 (95%CI: 9930–16 398) admissions were attributable to exposure to O3, the only pollutant to show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with admissions due to hypertensive disorders; and 10 575 (95%CI: 3573–17 566) admissions were attributable to daytime noise levels, while admissions due to hyperemesis gravidarum and vomiting were related to exposure to night noise. Other pollutants which also displayed statistically significant associations were: NO2 concentrations, with admissions due to vomiting and preterm labour; PM10 concentrations, with premature rupture of membranes: and PM2.5 concentrations, with total complications.
Exposure to a range of air pollutants, and ozone in particular, is associated with a higher number of emergency hospital admissions due to gestational complications. Hence, surveillance of environmental effects on maternal health should be intensified, and plans and strategies to minimise these should be drawn up.
•O3 and noise are associated with emergency hospital admissions for gestational complications.•4.1% (95%CI: 3.1–5.2) of the hospital admissions were attributable to O3.•3.3% (95%CI: 1.1–5.5) of the hospital admissions were attributable to noise.
A number of environmental factors, such as air pollution, noise in urbanised settings and meteorological-type variables, may give rise to important effects on human health. In recent years, many ...studies have confirmed the relation between various mental disorders and these factors, with a possible impact on the increase in emergency hospital admissions due to these causes. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of a range of environmental factors on daily emergency hospital admissions due to mental disorders in the Madrid Autonomous Region (MAR), across the period 2013–2018.
Longitudinal ecological time series study analysed by Generalised Linear Models with Poisson regression, with the dependent variable being daily Emergency Hospital Mental Health Admissions (EHMHA) in the MAR, and the independent variable being mean daily concentrations of chemical pollutants, noise levels and meteorological variables.
EHMHA were related statistically significantly in the short term with diurnal noise levels. Relative risks (RRs) for total admissions due to mental disorders and self-inflicted injuries, in the case of diurnal noise was RR: 1.008 95%CI (1.003 1.013). Admissions attributable to diurnal noise account for 5.5% of total admissions across the study period. There was no association between hospital admissions and chemical air pollution.
Noise is a variable that shows a statistically significant short-term association with EHMHA across all age groups in the MAR region. The results of this study may serve as a basis for drawing up public health guidelines and plans, which regard these variables as risk factors for mental disorders, especially in the case of noise, since this fundamentally depends on anthropogenic activities in highly urbanised areas with high levels of traffic density.
•Emergency Hospital Mental Health Admissions (EHMHA) were related with diurnal noise.•Diurnal noise account for 5% of EHMHA in Madrid.•No association detected between EHMHA and chemical air pollution.
PDF
