•Evaluated Savassi (1998) model for the degree of entrainment.•Identified solid particle settling velocity determining the degree of entrainment.•Proposed a new model for the degree of entrainment ...associated with mechanism.
The degree of entrainment is significantly influenced by particle size and density but there is no consensus in the literature, however, on the mechanisms involved. In addition, there has been a lack of rigorous experimental validation of proposed theories. In this study, entrainment tests with only gangue minerals were performed in a 3.5L laboratory mechanical flotation cell using fully liberated quartz, ilmenite and hematite. The results suggest that the drainage of solids relative to water in the froth (i.e. the degree of entrainment) is a consequence of the balance between the drag force on the particle, and the apparent immersed weight of the particle in the water which potentially changes the particle settling rate. Particle size and density are two variables that affect drag force and apparent immersed weight. Therefore, particles with different particle size and density have different particle settling rates relative to water, and thus exhibit different degrees of entrainment in flotation. A new empirical model for the degree of entrainment was then proposed, incorporating the mechanism underpinning the effect of particle size and density. Results indicate that the model can be employed to predict the degree of entrainment of different gangue minerals on a size-by-size basis.
Introduction
This systematic review estimates the pooled prevalence (PP) of depressive disorders (DD) among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in the last ...five years (LFY).
Objectives
Trends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for DD was calculated.
Methods
A search strategy was conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity, bias, and the REPPR for DD was calculated.
Results
The European REPPR for DD is calculated at 2.0% (95%CI: 1.0%-4.0%). (Figure 1). The REPPR for each depressive disorder is shown in Figure 1. The prevalence among secondary school children is 4.2 times higher than that among primary school children.
Conclusions
Routine screening and early intervention strategies for eating disorders may improve the outcome of young people with these problems.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Introduction
This systematic review estimates the pooled prevalence (PP) of Conduct Disorder (CD) among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in the last five ...years (LFY).
Objectives
Trends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for CD was calculated.
Methods
A search strategy was conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity and bias, and REPPRs were calculated.
Results
The European REPPR for CD is calculated at 1.5% (Figure1). The REPPR among males is 1.8% whereas the rate among females is 1.0% (Figure2). The prevalence rate of CD in primary school children is 1.4 times lower than the prevalence of secondary school children.
Conclusions
Gender, culture and socioeconomic inequality may contribute towards diagnostic inequality and prevalence differences. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed, and routine screening and early intervention services are developed.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Introduction
This systematic review estimates the pooled prevalence (PP) of oppositional defiant disorders (ODD) among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in ...the last five years (LFY).
Objectives
Trends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for ODD was calculated.
Methods
A search strategy was conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity, bias, and the REPPR for ODD was calculated.
Results
The European REPPR for ODD is calculated at 1.9% (Figure 1). The REPPR among males is 4.8%, whereas the rate among females is 2.7% (95% CI: 0.7%- 1.4%). The prevalence rate of ODD among primary school children is 1.8 times higher than the prevalence of secondary school children (Figure 2).
Conclusions
Gender, culture and socioeconomic diagnostic inequality may contribute to prevalence differences across countries. Routine screening and addressing these aspects may facilitate early intervention.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Introduction
This systematic review and meta-analysis fills a lacuna in the existing literature on the prevalence of mental disorders (MD) among young people (YP) in Europe.
Objectives
This study ...sets out to estimate the pooled prevalence (PP) of ASD, ADHD, Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Anxiety Disorder (AD), Depressive Disorder
(DD), Eating Disorder (ED), Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and the PP of any of these MD, among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in the last five years (LFY).
Methods
A search strategy was created following the SPIDER model and conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for bias. Trends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for each MD and for any MD was calculated.
Results
The European REPPR for any mental disorder among YP is 15.5%, translating to almost 1 in 5 YP. ADs are the most common group of MDs with a REPPR of 7.9%, followed by ADHD, ODD, MDD and CD, with REPPR of 2.9%, 1.9%, 1.7% and 1.5% respectively.
Conclusions
A range of challenges towards good mental health are portrayed, including diagnostic limitations, poor awareness on MD, and socioeconomic inequality. It is recommended that these challenges are tackled, and routine screening and early intervention services are developed to improve early identification and prompt treatment. Achieving these goals may positively impact individuals and societies at large, both now and in the future.
Introduction
This systematic review estimates the pooled prevalence (PP) of anxiety disorders (ADD) among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in the last five ...years (LFY).
Objectives
Trends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for AD was calculated.
Methods
A search strategy was conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity, bias, and the REPPR for AD was calculated.
Results
The European REPPR for AD is calculated at 7.9% (Figure 1). The REPPR for each anxiety disorder is shown in Figure 2.
Conclusions
Based on the results in this systematic review, AD are the most prevalent mental disorders among young people in Europe. Early diagnostic and intervention strategies for AD may improve the mental health and wellbeing among young people.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Recent advances in the discovery of new functions for vitamin K‐dependent (VKD) proteins and in defining vitamin K nutriture have led to a substantial revision in our understanding of vitamin K ...physiology. The only unequivocal function for vitamin K is as a cofactor for the carboxylation of VKD proteins which renders them active. While vitamin K was originally associated only with hepatic VKD proteins that participate in hemostasis, VKD proteins are now known to be present in virtually every tissue and to be important to bone mineralization, arterial calcification, apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and signal transduction. The development of improved methods for analyzing vitamin K has shed considerable insight into the relative importance of different vitamin K forms in the diet and their contribution to hepatic vs. non‐hepatic tissue. New assays that measure the extent of carboxylation in VKD proteins have revealed that while the current recommended daily allowance for vitamin K is sufficient for maintaining functional hemostasis, the undercarboxylation of at least one non‐hemostatic protein is frequently observed in the general population. The advances in defining VKD protein function and vitamin K nutriture are described, as is the potential impact of VKD proteins on atherosclerosis. Many of the VKD proteins contribute to atherogenesis. Recent studies suggest involvement in arterial calcification, which may be influenced by dietary levels of vitamin K and by anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin that antagonize vitamin K action.
We present 32 epochs of optical (3300−9700 Å) spectrophotometric observations of the nearby quintessential “normal” type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2011fe in the galaxy M101, extending from −15 to +97 d ...with respect to B-band maximum, obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. SN 2011fe is the closest (μ = 29.04) and brightest (Bmax = 9.94 mag) SN Ia observed since the advent of modern large scale programs for the intensive periodic followup of supernovae. Both synthetic light curve measurements and spectral feature analysis attest to the normality of SN 2011fe. There is very little evidence for reddening in its host galaxy. The homogeneous calibration, intensive time sampling, and high signal-to-noise ratio of the data set make it unique. Thus it is ideal for studying the physics of SN Ia explosions in detail, and for furthering the use of SNe Ia as standardizable candles for cosmology. Several such applications are shown, from the creation of a bolometric light curve and measurement of the 56Ni mass, to the simulation ofdetection thresholds for unburned carbon, direct comparisons with other SNe Ia, and existing spectral templates.
We examine the relationship between Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) Hubble residuals and the properties of their host galaxies using a sample of 115 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory. We use host ...galaxy stellar masses and specific star formation rates fitted from photometry for all hosts, as well as gas-phase metallicities for a subset of 69 star-forming (non-active galactic nucleus) hosts, to show that the SN Ia Hubble residuals correlate with each of these host properties. With these data we find new evidence for a correlation between SN Ia intrinsic color and host metallicity. When we combine our data with those of other published SN Ia surveys, we find the difference between mean SN Ia brightnesses in low- and high-mass hosts is 0.077 + or - 0.014 mag. When viewed in narrow (0.2 dex) bins of host stellar mass, the data reveal apparent plateaus of Hubble residuals at high and low host masses with a rapid transition over a short mass range (9.8 < or =, slant log(Mlow */M sub(middot in circle)) < or =, slant 10.4). Although metallicity has been a favored interpretation for the origin of the Hubble residual trend with host mass, we illustrate how dust in star-forming galaxies and mean SN Ia progenitor age both evolve along the galaxy mass sequence, thereby presenting equally viable explanations for some or all of the observed SN Ia host bias.
ABSTRACT We introduce a method for identifying "twin" Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and using them to improve distance measurements. This novel approach to SN Ia standardization is made possible by ...spectrophotometric time series observations from the Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory). We begin with a well-measured set of SNe, find pairs whose spectra match well across the entire optical window, and then test whether this leads to a smaller dispersion in their absolute brightnesses. This analysis is completed in a blinded fashion, ensuring that decisions made in implementing the method do not inadvertently bias the result. We find that pairs of SNe with more closely matched spectra indeed have reduced brightness dispersion. We are able to standardize this initial set of SNfactory SNe to 0.083 0.012 mag, implying a dispersion of 0.072 0.010 mag in the absence of peculiar velocities. We estimate that with larger numbers of comparison SNe, e.g., using the final SNfactory spectrophotometric data set as a reference, this method will be capable of standardizing high-redshift SNe to within 0.06-0.07 mag. These results imply that at least 3/4 of the variance in Hubble residuals in current SN cosmology analyses is due to previously unaccounted-for astrophysical differences among the SNe.
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