The most important component of strengthening the potential for responding to biological threats both at the national and interstate levels is the formation of a unified system for monitoring and ...responding to emergencies (ES) of sanitary-epidemiological nature in the CIS territory.
The aim
of the work was to review the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies of sanitary-epidemiological character in the CIS countries by the example of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, to characterize the main areas of international cooperation on countering biological threats and coordinating international response measures in the CIS countries.
Materials and methods
. Information and analytical materials provided by organizations responsible for epidemiological surveillance and control in the CIS countries, Internet sources, and publications were used for the study.
Results and discussion
. The organization and functioning of the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies in the CIS countries is a state function. It includes, as a rule, the national, regional (sub-national) and territorial (local) levels, which have horizontal and vertical connections. The legal framework is made up of documents of the legislative level. Interdepartmental interaction in response to emergencies is carried out both at the republican level and in administrative territories; the basis for interaction is the integrated planning of preventive and anti-epidemic measures and the functioning of the relevant organizational structures on an ongoing basis. Since 2015, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, programs have been implemented aimed at assisting partner countries in the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) in order to increase national response capacity and form a unified sanitaryepidemiological emergency response system in the CIS countries. The main areas of collaboration are strengthening the material and technical base and human resources of specialized institutions and scientific cooperation. As a result of the program implementation, a unified system for monitoring and prompt response to emergencies in the field of public health of sanitary-epidemiological nature has essentially been formed in the CIS countries to date, uniting more than 15 specialized institutions from 8 CIS countries.
Abstract
Aims
The 2019 report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas provides a contemporary analysis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics across 56 member countries, with ...particular emphasis on international inequalities in disease burden and healthcare delivery together with estimates of progress towards meeting 2025 World Health Organization (WHO) non-communicable disease targets.
Methods and results
In this report, contemporary CVD statistics are presented for member countries of the ESC. The statistics are drawn from the ESC Atlas which is a repository of CVD data from a variety of sources including the WHO, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the World Bank. The Atlas also includes novel ESC sponsored data on human and capital infrastructure and cardiovascular healthcare delivery obtained by annual survey of the national societies of ESC member countries. Across ESC member countries, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and diabetes has increased two- to three-fold during the last 30 years making the WHO 2025 target to halt rises in these risk factors unlikely to be achieved. More encouraging have been variable declines in hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption but on current trends only the reduction in smoking from 28% to 21% during the last 20 years appears sufficient for the WHO target to be achieved. The median age-standardized prevalence of major risk factors was higher in middle-income compared with high-income ESC member countries for hypertension {23.8% interquartile range (IQR) 22.5–23.1% vs. 15.7% (IQR 14.5–21.1%)}, diabetes 7.7% (IQR 7.1–10.1%) vs. 5.6% (IQR 4.8–7.0%), and among males smoking 43.8% (IQR 37.4–48.0%) vs. 26.0% (IQR 20.9–31.7%) although among females smoking was less common in middle-income countries 8.7% (IQR 3.0–10.8) vs. 16.7% (IQR 13.9–19.7%). There were associated inequalities in disease burden with disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 people due to CVD over three times as high in middle-income 7160 (IQR 5655–8115) compared with high-income 2235 (IQR 1896–3602) countries. Cardiovascular disease mortality was also higher in middle-income countries where it accounted for a greater proportion of potential years of life lost compared with high-income countries in both females (43% vs. 28%) and males (39% vs. 28%). Despite the inequalities in disease burden across ESC member countries, survey data from the National Cardiac Societies of the ESC showed that middle-income member countries remain severely under-resourced compared with high-income countries in terms of cardiological person-power and technological infrastructure. Under-resourcing in middle-income countries is associated with a severe procedural deficit compared with high-income countries in terms of coronary intervention, device implantation and cardiac surgical procedures.
Conclusion
A seemingly inexorable rise in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes currently provides the greatest challenge to achieving further reductions in CVD burden across ESC member countries. Additional challenges are provided by inequalities in disease burden that now require intensification of policy initiatives in order to reduce population risk and prioritize cardiovascular healthcare delivery, particularly in the middle-income countries of the ESC where need is greatest.
Aim
. To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of polyvascular disease in the Eurasian region's population with one or more previously established locations of atherosclerotic arterial ...damage, and to evaluate the diagnostic importance of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) as a marker for polyvascular disease (PVD).
Material and methods
. A total of 1837 patients were included in the main branch of the KAMMA registry (patients with PVD), among which 91,6% had coronary artery disease (CAD) (n=1683). For further analysis, the group of patients with CAD was combined with 1222 patients included in the second branch of the registry — KAMMA-cardio, forming a patient population (n=2905), in which all patients had verified CAD. The mean age of patients was 66,0 59,0; 72,0 years, with 60,3% being male. Peripheral arteries was assessed using ultrasound examination.
Results
. PVD was present in 95,6% of patients with coronary atherosclerosis: dual-region involvement was observed in 51,3% of patients, three-region involvement in 37,1%, four-region involvement in 3,4%, and five-region involvement in 2,0%. Stenoses of the common carotid artery were observed in 71% of patients, internal carotid artery — in 68%, lower limb artery — in 52%, and renal and mesenteric artery — in 8,3%. There were following diagnostic effectiveness of the ABI for detecting patients with lower limb artery stenosis was: sensitivity — 58,0%, specificity — 83,6%. The quality of antithrombotic and lipid-lowering therapy was insufficient.
Conclusion
. In the overwhelming majority (95,6%) of patients with CAD in the KAMMA registry, PVD was revealed, with nearly half of the patients having involvement in three or more arterial zones. In the patient population with CAD, there should be an active effort to identify patients with PVD, using at least the ABI determination and active modern antithrombotic and lipid-lowering therapy according to current clinical guidelines.
The social and humanitarian issues of world politics are playing an increasingly important role in the political development of the world. The article affirms that humanitarian problems can and ...should be considered together with the social ones, since in most cases, humanitarian and social processes accompany each other. The article sets the question whether the social and humanitarian spheres are under the process of transformation, and if so, how this process is going. The authors proceed from the assumption that the political organization of the world, which includes the Westphalian system, the system of interstate relations and the political systems of individual states, is transforming and the social and humanitarian spheres are under the influence of this process. The main results of the study are as follows. Firstly, social and humanitarian spheres are intensively developing due to the fact that in the modern world, people and human capital are becoming increasingly significant. Transnationalization within the framework of the Westphalian system leads to the involvement of huge masses of people in international relations. Thus network communications are being intensively formed. In turn, the disintegration of the bipolar system of interstate relations did not lead to the disappearance of the ideological factor, and the social and humanitarian issues became especially important in the interstate interaction. Secondly, in the modern world politics the social and humanitarian issues penetrate ever more intensively into other spheres: military-political and political-economic. In the military- political sphere the social and humanitarian aspects accompany almost all conflicts and they are used in two ways: on the one hand, to counter the enemy (for example in the so called "hybrid wars"), on the other - to reduce tensions and resolve conflicts. In the political and economic sphere, in the 21st century emerges the UN Global Compact, which forms the social responsibility of business on a global scale. In addition, both business and power structures organize various discussion platforms on political and economic issues. The social and humanitarian spheres also get their own development. At present, the sphere of higher education is more than others under the process of transformation. In the future, such social and humanitarian areas of world politics as health care, international tourism, etc also will go through changes. Russia has taken a course to build up its presence in the social and humanitarian spheres of world politics. In this connection on the basis of the analysis the authors give recommendations for Russia.
The acute toxicity and antiviral activity of synthetic ribonucleases with various structures have been studied. It is established that synthetic ribonucleases exhibit low toxicity with respect to ...MDCK cell cultures and inhibit to different extents the reproduction of influenza A and B type viruses.
The aim of investigation was to study of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of mixed viral intestinal infections in children. The etiological diajnostic of acute intestinal infection of ...viral origin have been carried out by serological method (immunochromatographyc method). It was determined that the mixed viral intestinal infections as primary infected mainly have been registrated in children of first two years of life. In the age structure of viral-viral intestinal infections the rotaviral-adenoviral association have been oftenly appeared than rotaviral-astroviral association. The our investigations show that in mixed viral intestinal infections the most clinical form is gastroenteritis.
Summary
The Caucasus is a region of geopolitical importance, in the gateway between Europe and Asia. This geographical location makes the region equally important in the epidemiology and control of ...transboundary infectious diseases such as rabies. Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus, and although rabies is notifiable and considered endemic, there is little information on the burden of human and animal rabies. Here, we describe a cross‐disciplinary international collaboration aimed at improving rabies control in Azerbaijan. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from animal rabies cases for comparison with those from surrounding areas. Reported human and animal rabies cases between 2000 and 2010 were also reviewed and analysed by region and year. Comparison of rabies virus strains circulating in Azerbaijan demonstrates more than one lineage of rabies virus circulating concurrently in Azerbaijan and illustrates the need for further sample collection and characterization. Officially reported rabies data showed an increase in human and animal rabies cases, and an increase in animal bites requiring provision of post‐exposure prophylaxis, since 2006. This is despite apparently consistent levels of dog vaccination and culling of stray dogs.
The article presents the results of studying the etiological structure and clinical features of acute intestinal infections (AII) in young children in Baku, Azerbaijan. In most cases, the disease has ...a viral etiology and proceeds in the form of gastroenteritis. At the same time in the age groups 6—12 months and 1—3 years of life, viral intestinal infections in 72.72% of cases have a mixed etiology (usually viral-viral), with a predominance of rotavirus infection. Taking into account the obtained results, it is necessary for all children of early age with AII, in addition to routine diagnostics, to conduct research using modern methods for virus verification (Latex-test, PCR).
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