Understanding drop size distribution (DSD) variability has important implications for remote sensing and numerical modeling applications. Twelve disdrometer datasets across three latitude bands are ...analyzed in this study, spanning a broad range of precipitation regimes: light rain, orographic, deep convective, organized midlatitude, and tropical oceanic. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reveal comprehensive modes of global DSD spatial and temporal variability. Although the locations contain different distributions of individual DSD parameters, all locations are found to have the same modes of variability. Based on PCA, six groups of points with unique DSD characteristics emerge. The physical processes that underpin these groups are revealed through supporting radar observations. Group 1 (group 2) is characterized by high (low) liquid water content (LWC), broad (narrow) distribution widths, and large (small) median drop diameters D
0
. Radar analysis identifies group 1 (group 2) as convective (stratiform) rainfall. Group 3 is characterized by weak, shallow radar echoes and large concentrations of small drops, indicative of warm rain showers. Group 4 identifies heavy stratiform precipitation. The low latitudes exhibit distinct bimodal distributions of the normalized intercept parameter N
w
, LWC, and D
0
and are found to have a clustering of points (group 5) with high rain rates, large N
w
, and moderate D
0
, a signature of robust warm rain processes. A distinct group associated with ice-based convection (group 6) emerges in the midlatitudes. Although all locations exhibit the same covariance of parameters associated with these groups, it is likely that the physical processes responsible for shaping the DSDs vary as a function of location.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hereditary ataxias comprise a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by clinically variable cerebellar dysfunction and accompanied by involvement of other organ systems. The ...molecular underpinnings for many of these diseases are widely unknown. Previously, we discovered the disruption of Scyl1 as the molecular basis of the mouse mutant mdf, which is affected by neurogenic muscular atrophy, progressive gait ataxia with tremor, cerebellar vermis atrophy, and optic-nerve thinning. Here, we report on three human individuals, from two unrelated families, who presented with recurrent episodes of acute liver failure in early infancy and are affected by cerebellar vermis atrophy, ataxia, and peripheral neuropathy. By whole-exome sequencing, compound-heterozygous mutations within SCYL1 were identified in all affected individuals. We further show that in SCYL1-deficient human fibroblasts, the Golgi apparatus is massively enlarged, which is in line with the concept that SCYL1 regulates Golgi integrity. Thus, our findings define SCYL1 mutations as the genetic cause of a human hepatocerebellar neuropathy syndrome.
Wetlands in arid or semiarid zones are vital for maintaining biodiversity but face growing threats. Flooding regime variability is a key driver of ecological dynamism in these systems, dictating ...primary productivity on a large spatial scale. The functional composition or diversity of wetland‐dependent bird species has been found to be sensitive to fluctuations in hydrological regimes and can thus be indicative of cascading ecosystem responses associated with climate change. In this paper, we investigate whether large‐scale changes in inundation and fire—a significant additional biodiversity determinant in (semi‐)arid landscapes—are reliable predictors of functional group responses of wetland‐dependent birds along a perennial channel of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. We fit generalized additive models (GAMs) to 6 years of bird survey data collected along ~190‐km‐long annual transects and use remotely sensed landscape‐level inundation estimates, as well as spatiotemporal distance to fire, to predict the responsiveness of seven trait‐based functional group abundances. During the surveys, a total of 89 different wetland‐dependent bird species were recorded, including 76 residents, across all years, with below‐surface feeding waders consistently the most abundant functional group. Including estimated spatiotemporal variability in flooding and fire, as well as their interactions, improved model fit for all seven functional groups, explaining between 46.8% and 68.3% of variability in functional group abundances. Covariates representing longer‐term variability in inundation generally performed better than shorter‐term ones. For example, variability in inundation over the 5 months preceding a survey best predicted the responses of all functional groups, which also all exhibited responsiveness to the interaction between flooding and fire. We were able to interpret the responses of individual functional groups, based on the resource exploitation assumption. Overall, our results suggest that perennial waters in dryland wetlands offer functional refugia to wetland‐dependent birds and highlight the indicative power of large‐scale trait‐based bird monitoring. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of such a monitoring regime for dryland wetland ecosystems vulnerable to industrial‐scale anthropogenic pressure and associated climate change.
(Setswana)
Morethetho wa go tshela ga metsi a makgobokgobo a a fitlhelwang mo nageng tsa komelelo, o rotloetsa mekgwa e dinonyane tse di fitlhelwang mo meeleng e e sa kgaleng ya makgobokgobo, di tsibogelang diemo ka teng. Makgobokgobo a a fitlhelwang mo dikgaolong tsa komelelo a botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng mefutafuta ya ditshidi, mme a lebaganywe ke matshosetsi. Go farologana ga ka fa metsi a makgobokgobo a tshelang ka teng, ke ntlha ya konokono e e tlhotlheletsang diphetogo mo nageng tse, ebile e laola ka fa dimela di dirang ka teng mo nageng eo ka bophara. Mefutafuta ya dinonyane tse di ikaegileng ka makgobokgobo e fitlhetswe e amiwa thata ke diemo tsa metsi tse di fetogafetogang, ka jalo mefuta e, e ka nna kaedi ya mekgwa e botshelo bo fetogang ka teng, segolobogolo fa re lebile phetogo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya loapi (Climate change). Mo mokwalong o, re sekaseka gore a diphetogo tsa maphashaphasha a metsi le melelo ya naga‐ nngwe ya dintlha tsa botlhokwa tse di rotloetsang mefutafuta ya ditshidi mo dinageng tsa komelelo ‐ ele bokao jo bo netlameng go ka supa ka fa mefuta ya dinoyane tse di ikaegileng ka makgobokgobo di tsibogelang diemo ka teng mo moeleng wa makgobokgobo a Okavango, mo Botswana. Go re thusa ka ditshekatsheko tse, re dirisitse boranyane jwa ditlhaka (Generalized Additive Models) go rarabolola patlisitso e e dirilweng mo dingwageng tse thataro ka dinonyane tse di bonweng mo tseleng ya sekgele sa boleele ja 190 km. Tsela e ya tshekatsheko e ne e tsamaiwa gangwefela mo ngwageng. Re ne gape ra dirisa maranyane a lefaufau (Remote sensing) go akanyetsa bophara jwa maphashaphasha a Okavango le go meta sekgele le sebaka sa molelo wa naga. Metlhale e ya tshekatsheko, e ne ya dirisiwa go akanyetsa pele phetogo ya dipalo tsa mefuta e supa ya dinonyane tsa makgokgobobo. Dipatlisiso di supile fa mo dingwageng tse thataro go gatisitswe mefuta e e farologanyeng ya dinonyane tse di ikaegileng ka makgobokgobo di le masome a a ferang bobedi le borobabongwe (89), go akarediwa tsa sennela ruri di le masome a supa le borataro (76). Go supegile gape fa mofuta wa dinonyane tse di jang dijo ko tlase ga metsi e le tsone di palo ntsi. Tharabololo ya maranyane a dipalo (model fit) e kgonne go tlhalosa gore fa gare ga masome mane le borataro le ntlha tse robabobedi mo lekgolong (46.8%) le masome marataro le boferabobedi le ntlha tse tharo mo lekgolong (68.3%) ya diphetogo tse di bonweng tsa mefuta ya dinonyane e bakilwe ke diphetogo tse di farologanyeng tsa go tshela ga metsi a makgobokgobo le molelo wa naga le ka fa dintlha tse di amanang ka teng. Mabaka a a rotloetsang diphetogo tsa maphashaphasha a metsi ka lebaka lo leleele, ka kakaretso a supegile a dira botoka go supa tsibogo ya dinonyane gona le a lebaka le le khutshwane. Sekai, diphetogo tsa selekanyo sa maphashaphasha a metsi mo kgweding tse tlhano (5 months) pele ga dipatlisiso di akanyeditse‐pele botoka ka fa ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa dinoyana di tsibogelang diemo ka teng. E supile tsibogelo diemo ya dinonyane e e bakiwang ke kamano magareng ga go tshela ga metsi le melelo wa naga. Re ne ra kgona go tlhalosa ka fa ditlhopha tsa dinonyane ka bongwe ja tsone di tsibogelang diemo ka teng, re dirisa kakanyetsong ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya ditsa tlholego. Ka kakaretso, maduo a rona a kaya fa metsi a sennela ruri a a bonwang mo makgobokgobong a naga ya komelelo, a a fa dinonyane tse di ikaegileng ka makgobokgobo lefelo la botshabelo, gape a senotse nonofo ya ditshekatsheko tsa peoleitho tse di dirwang ka dinonyane ka lebaka le selekanyo se segolo ebile se tseneletse. Maduo a rona a supile botlhokwa jwa tiriso ya ditlhotlhomiso tsa mofuta o mo makgobokgobong a a bonwang mo nageng tsa komelelo ebile a le mo diphatseng tsa kgotlelesego go tswa mo ditlhabololong le tse di amanang le phetogo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya loapi.
•We measured the CO2 and C balances of an intensively managed pasture in New Zealand.•Averaged over 4 years, the site was a sink for both CO2 (165gCm−2y−1), and total C (61gCm−2y−1).•Climatic ...conditions and farm management both had large impacts on CO2 and total C budgets.•Global data compilation revealed C sequestration generally increased with increasing NEP.
We estimated the net ecosystem carbon (C) balance (NECB) of a temperate pasture in the North Island of New Zealand for four years (2008–2011). The pasture was intensively managed with addition of fertiliser and year-round rotational grazing by dairy cows. Climatic conditions and management practices had a large impact on CO2 exchange, with a severe drought in one year and cultivation in another both causing large short-term (∼3 months) net losses of CO2–C (100–200gCm−2). However, CO2 was regained later in both of these years so that on annual timescales, the site was a CO2 sink or CO2 neutral. Management practices such as effluent application and harvesting silage also influenced non-CO2–C fluxes, and had a large impact on annual NECB. Despite these major environmental or management perturbations, both NEP and NECB were relatively constant on annual timescales. It is likely that this apparent resilience of the CO2 and C balance to perturbations was at least partly attributable to the relatively warm temperatures, also in winter, providing good growing conditions year-round (in the absence of major perturbations such as moisture stress). In several instances, the farmer’s decisions aimed at maintaining a constant milk yield between years also appeared to contribute to a relatively stable C balance.
Averaged over the full four-year study period, the site was a net sink for both CO2 (NEP=165±51gCm−2y−1), and total C (NECB=61±53gCm−2y−1) after non-CO2–C fluxes were accounted for. Annual NEP and NECB values were similar to results collated from other managed temperate grasslands on mineral soils globally, for which average NEP and NECB were 188±44gCm−2y−1 and 44±33gCm−2y−1, respectively. In the global dataset, we noted a general trend for increased C sequestration with increasing NEP, suggesting that it may be possible to meet the dual goal of increased pasture production (thus milk, meat and fiber production) and increasing soil C storage in managed temperate grasslands. Identification of management practices that increase C storage while maintaining or enhancing pasture production requires more standardised reporting between NECB studies, and experiments involving side-by-side comparison of treatment and control plots.
Abstract
The efficacy of dual-polarization radar for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) has been demonstrated in a number of previous studies. Specifically, rainfall retrievals using ...combinations of reflectivity (Zh), differential reflectivity (Zdr), and specific differential phase (Kdp) have advantages over traditional Z–R methods because more information about the drop size distribution (DSD) and hydrometeor type are available. In addition, dual-polarization-based rain-rate estimators can better account for the presence of ice in the sampling volume.
An important issue in dual-polarization rainfall estimation is determining which method to employ for a given set of polarimetric observables. For example, under what circumstances does differential phase information provide superior rain estimates relative to methods using reflectivity and differential reflectivity? At Colorado State University (CSU), an optimization algorithm has been developed and used for a number of years to estimate rainfall based on thresholds of Zh, Zdr, and Kdp. Although the algorithm has demonstrated robust performance in both tropical and midlatitude environments, results have shown that the retrieval is sensitive to the selection of the fixed thresholds.
In this study, a new rainfall algorithm is developed using hydrometeor identification (HID) to guide the choice of the particular rainfall estimation algorithm. A separate HID algorithm has been developed primarily to guide the rainfall application with the hydrometeor classes, namely, all rain, mixed precipitation, and all ice.
Both the data collected from the S-band Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) radar and a network of rain gauges are used to evaluate the performance of the new algorithm in mixed rain and hail in Colorado. The evaluation is also performed using an algorithm similar to the one developed for the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE). Results show that the new CSU HID-based algorithm provides good performance for the Colorado case studies presented here.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent advancements in immunology and chemistry have facilitated advancements in targeted vaccine technology. Targeting specific cell types, tissue locations, or receptors can allow for modulation of ...the adaptive immune response to vaccines. This review provides an overview of cellular targets of vaccines, suggests methods of targeting and downstream effects on immune responses, and summarizes general trends in the literature. Understanding the relationships between vaccine targets and subsequent adaptive immune responses is critical for effective vaccine design. This knowledge could facilitate design of more effective, disease-specialized vaccines.
As part of the Deep Convective Cloud and Chemistry (DC3) experiment, the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream‐V (GV) and NASA DC‐8 research aircraft ...probed the chemical composition of the inflow and outflow of two convective storms (north storm, NS, south storm, SS) originating in the Colorado region on 22 June 2012, a time when the High Park wildfire was active in the area. A wide range of trace species were measured on board both aircraft including biomass burning (BB) tracers hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and acetonitrile (ACN). Acrolein, a much shorter lived tracer for BB, was also quantified on the GV. The data demonstrated that the NS had ingested fresh smoke from the High Park fire and as a consequence had a higher VOC OH reactivity than the SS. The SS lofted aged fire tracers along with other boundary layer ozone precursors and was more impacted by lightning NOx (LNOx) than the NS. The NCAR master mechanism box model was initialized with measurements made in the outflow of the two storms. The NS and SS were predicted to produce 11 and 14 ppbv of O3, respectively, downwind of the storm over 2 days. Sensitivity tests revealed that the ozone production potential of the SS was highly dependent on LNOx. Normalized excess mixing ratios, ΔX/ΔCO, for HCN and ACN were determined in both the fire plume and the storm outflow and found to be 7.0 ± 0.5 and 2.3 ± 0.5 pptv ppbv−1, respectively, and 1.4 ± 0.3 pptv ppbv−1 for acrolein in the outflow only.
Key Points
Lightning NOx is a key driver of ozone production in storm outflows
Storms can transport biomass burning emissions to the upper troposphere
Acrolein is shown to be a good tracer for fresh biomass burning emissions
The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are a family of multimeric flavoenzymes that catalyze the α,β-dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA esters in fatty acid β-oxidation and amino acid catabolism. Genetic defects have ...been identified in most of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in humans. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9) is a recently identified acyl-CoA dehydrogenase that demonstrates maximum activity with unsaturated long-chain acyl-CoAs. We now report three cases of ACAD9 deficiency. Patient 1 was a 14-year-old, previously healthy boy who died of a Reye-like episode and cerebellar stroke triggered by a mild viral illness and ingestion of aspirin. Patient 2 was a 10-year-old girl who first presented at age 4 mo with recurrent episodes of acute liver dysfunction and hypoglycemia, with otherwise minor illnesses. Patient 3 was a 4.5-year-old girl who died of cardiomyopathy and whose sibling also died of cardiomyopathy at age 21 mo. Mild chronic neurologic dysfunction was reported in all three patients. Defects in
ACAD9 mRNA were identified in the first two patients, and all patients manifested marked defects in ACAD9 protein. Despite a significant overlap of substrate specificity, it appears that ACAD9 and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase are unable to compensate for each other in patients with either deficiency. Studies of the tissue distribution and gene regulation of ACAD9 and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase identify the presence of two independently regulated functional pathways for long-chain fat metabolism, indicating that these two enzymes are likely to be involved in different physiological functions.
Trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complexes, which include the TRAPPC4 protein, regulate membrane trafficking between lipid organelles in a process termed vesicular tethering. TRAPPC4 was recently ...implicated in a recessive neurodevelopmental condition in four unrelated families due to a shared c.454+3A>G splice variant. Here, we report 23 patients from 17 independent families with an early-infantile-onset neurodegenerative presentation, where we also identified the homozygous variant hg38:11:119020256 A>G (NM_016146.5:c.454+3A>G) in TRAPPC4 through exome or genome sequencing. No other clinically relevant TRAPPC4 variants were identified among any of over 10,000 patients with neurodevelopmental conditions. We found the carrier frequency of TRAPPC4 c.454+3A>G was 2.4-5.4 per 10,000 healthy individuals. Affected individuals with the homozygous TRAPPC4 c.454+3A>G variant showed profound psychomotor delay, developmental regression, early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly and progressive spastic tetraplegia. Based upon RNA sequencing, the variant resulted in partial exon 3 skipping and generation of an aberrant transcript owing to use of a downstream cryptic splice donor site, predicting a premature stop codon and nonsense mediated decay. These data confirm the pathogenicity of the TRAPPC4 c.454+3A>G variant, and refine the clinical presentation of TRAPPC4-related encephalopathy.
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