Studies on the storage stability of milk powder are currently fragmented and mainly affect only the area of above-zero temperatures. At the same time, there are no studies that consider the load ...factor when milk powder is stored in bags on a pallet. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of various factors of industrial storage (temperature, height or layer number, and time) on the change in quality and technological properties of powdered dairy products. We placed skim milk powder (SMP) and whole milk powder (WMP) in 10 × 14 × 2 cm resealable plastic bags on a model stand simulating an industrial layout on pallets. The samples were stored for 18 mo at temperatures −30 ± 1°C, 6 ± 1°C, and 25 ± 3°C and 40 to 80% relative humidity. Samples from the control (0), 5, and 10 (lower) layers of pallets were selected for analysis on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 mo of storage for each of the temperatures. As a result, we did not detect any changes in the storage process for water activity and mass fraction of moisture. The particle size distribution of all the SMP and WMP samples changed over time. The greatest changes were observed in the WMP samples placed on the 10th layer of pallets at 25 ± 3°C, from 0 to 18 mo of storage, the mean particle size (D4,3) increased from 120 to 258 μm (90% of all sample particle sizes ranging from 209 to 559 μm). We found significant clumping in the WMP samples (lumps up to 5 cm), correlating with the layer and storage time. The contact angle of the samples increased from 17° (SMP) and 53° (WMP) to 40° and 71°, respectively. The insolubility index and titratable acidity did not change only in the SMP samples stored with no load applied at −30 ± 1°C and 6 ± 1°C. The heat stability of all samples stored at 25 ± 3°C showed the lowest values. The data obtained allowed us to rank the factors as “layer – time – temperature.” Only the temperature of 25 ± 3°C caused critical changes in the product properties. Thus, the possibility of industrial storage of the product for up to 15 mo over the entire temperature range is confirmed.
Different methods for fixing biofilms of
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Salmonella enterica
for light and electron microscopy were compared. Paraformaldehyde fixation did not preserve biofilm integrity ...during dehydration; Ito—Karnovsky fixation revealed cell morphology, but did not preserve the matrix. Ruthenium red combined with aldehydes allowed the matrix to be preserved and visualized. An analysis of the ultrastructure of
S. aureus
and
S. enterica
cells in biofilms and suspensions at various fixations is presented. The ultrastructure of the biofilm matrix has been described.
Whole milk powder (WMP) is a universal raw material component that can overcome the problem of seasonality of raw milk. It can be used to provide high-nutritional products to remote areas ...experiencing a raw milk shortage. Its long shelf life depends on the conditions of storage and transportation, which are recommended to be carried out in a range from 0 to 10°C. At higher temperatures, the quality of WMP deteriorates because of a substantial increase in the degradation of fat and protein fractions. A range of low negative temperatures for storage have not been systematically investigated. Previous studies have shown that freezing WMP results in protein denaturation, crystallization of lactose, and extraction of free fat, all of which reduce the quality characteristics of the product, including deterioration of solubility, quick rancidification, and microbiological changes. However, these previous studies did not simulate the possible situations of transportation and storage of milk powder at low negative temperatures that occur in practice. Given the volume of transportation, distances and climatic characteristics of transportation routes play an important role in WMP preservation. In this study, we simulated storage and transport of WMP at −20°C. The samples were periodically thawed to 10 and 20°C and examined for physicochemical, functional-technological, thermodynamic, microbiological, and organoleptic parameters. Based on our results, storage of WMP at −20°C for 40 d did not have a significant effect on its qualitative characteristics. We observed some compaction of product structure and clustering or clumping, which was reversible by slight mechanical impact. Artificial contamination of the packaging surface with yeast and molds, followed by thawing of the samples, indicated the absence of the contaminants, which was explained by possible redistribution of moisture in the system.
The possibility of using ash-and-slag waste from CHP plants in the Arctic Zone as raw materials for the production of porous eco-geopolymers was investigated. The assessment was based on three main ...established criteria: radiation activity, chemical composition of ash-and-slag—amount of the oxides SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, CaO, and their basicity modulus
M
b
. It was found that ash and slag from the Apatity and Severodvinsk CHP plants in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation can be used and the main technological parameters for the synthesis of porous eco-geopolymer materials based on them were developed.
Throughout history, humans have been attempting to develop the ornamental features of domestic animals in addition to their productive qualities. Many chicken breeds have developed tufts of elongated ...feathers that jut out from the sides and bottom of the beak, leading to the phenotype known as muffs and beard. It is an incomplete autosomal dominant phenotype determined by the Mb locus localised on chromosome GGA27. This project aimed to analyse the genetic diversity of chicken breeds using full genomic genotyping with the Chicken 60K BeadChip. A total of 53,313 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms were analysed. DNA was obtained from breeds with the muffs and beard as a marker phenotype: Faverolles (n = 20), Ukrainian Muffed (n = 18), Orloff (n = 20), Novopavlov White (n = 20), and Novopavlov Coloured (n = 15). The Russian White (n = 20) was selected as an alternative breed without the muffs and beard phenotype. The chickens are owned by the Centre of Collective Use "Genetic Collection of Rare and Endangered Breeds of Chickens" (St. Petersburg region, Pushkin), and are also included in the Core Shared Research Facility (CSRF) and/or Large-Scale Research Facility (LSRF). Multidimensional scaling revealed that the Novopavlov White and the Novopavlov Coloured populations formed a separate group. The Ukrainian Muffed and the Orloff have also been combined into a separate group. Based on cluster analysis, with the cross-validation error and the most probable number of clusters K = 4 taken into account, the Orloff was singled out as a separate group. The Ukrainian Muffed exhibited a notable similarity with the Orloff under the same conditions. At K = 5, the populations of the Novopavlov White and the Novopavlov Coloured diverged. Only at K = 6, a distinct and separate cluster was formed by the Ukrainian Muffed. The Russian White had the greatest number of short (1-2 Mb) homozygous regions. If the HOXB8 gene is located between 3.402 and 3.404 Mb on chromosome GGA27, homozygous regions are rarely found in the chickens with the muffs and beard phenotype. Scanning the chicken genome with the Chicken 60K BeadChip provided enough information about the genetic diversity of the chicken breeds for the peculiarities of the development of the ornamental muffs and beard phenotypes in them to be understood. For example, Phoenix bantams, whose tail feathers grow throughout their lives, require greater consideration of husbandry conditions.
Modern trends in the development of the oil and gas infrastructure of the Russian Far East are considered. The main threats in the operation of oil and gas pipelines are described. The technology of ...complex protection of pipeline surfaces is proposed. Protection of the inner surface is achieved through the use of silicate enamel coatings, protection of the external surface – through the use of foam glass. On the basis of local silicate raw materials the technology of the described materials is developed, and their main properties are determined. Recommendations on the application of the developed technology for the protection of pipelines are given.
Rhonchopathy is a major problem of both a medical and social nature, it is detected in about 33% of the adult population. It should be noted that snoring is often accompanied by a more formidable ...disease - obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome, which, in turn, is considered a life-threatening condition. It is known that in severe forms of OSA syndrome, up to 400-500 respiratory stops per night with a total duration of up to 3-4 hours can occur, which leads to acute and chronic lack of oxygen during sleep. In turn, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common diseases and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The association of OSA syndrome and COPD, which is designated by the term overlap syndrome, is characterized by the summation of the negative effect of these pathological conditions on the parameters of blood oxygen saturation during night sleep. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in patients with overlap syndrome should be based on an interdisciplinary approach, including the use of modern and highly informative methods of functional diagnosis. To date, many methods of treatment (conservative, surgical, combined) of rhonchopathy and OSA syndrome are known. In most cases, preference is given to minimally invasive methods, creating constant positive pressure in the respiratory tract. Tracheostomy is an absolutely effective method of treating OSA syndrome, however, it is very traumatic, but in exceptional cases it is necessary. This paper describes a clinical case of installing a T-shaped stent not only for the treatment of chronic cicatricial stenosis, but also to compensate for OSA syndrome and restore vocal function.
We set simple criteria to choose crystal host for Nd3+ doping and a value of doping concentration for synthesis of aqueous colloidal solutions of the fluoride nanocrystals (NCs) to use them as ...fluorescence probes for bioimaging in the first biological window of wavelengths (750–950 nm). It is a large Ω4/Ω6 ratio of intensity parameters, used in Judd-Ofelt theory, which increases a fluorescence branching ratio β to the 4F3/2 → 4I9/2 transition lying in the first biological window; and a low value of intensity parameters Ω6, which makes weaker the Nd-Nd fluorescence self-quenching and quenching by OH- molecular groups positioned in the volume of the NCs. Hypothesis is checked on the concentration series of highly dispersible aqueous colloidal solutions of the Nd3+: LaF3 and Nd3+: KY3F10 NCs synthesized by hydrothermal microwave (HTMW) treatment with PVP as biocompatible surfactant. To do this, the dependences of relative fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) and fluorescence brightness (FB) on Nd3+ concentration connected with nonradiative energy transfer to the quenching acceptors are found from the measured fluorescence kinetics. We observed smooth decrease in FQY and pronounced maximum in FB with increasing neodymium concentration in both systems. However, for Nd3+: LaF3 NCs the fall of fluorescence brightness begins at a concentration four times higher than for Nd3+: KY3F10, which is due to a weaker energy transfer to the quenching acceptors in the former. At the same time the fluorescence branching ratios to the first and the second biological windows are almost equal for the Nd3+: LaF3, while for Nd3+: KY3F10 it is higher to the second biological window. The results are in line with twice larger the Ω4/Ω6 ratio and three times smaller Ω6 intensity parameter in Nd3+: LaF3. These criteria must be accounted together with a choice of a strategy for synthesis of the NPs with high crystallinity ChemistrySelect 2 (2017) 4874–4881 and high water dispersibility during selection of a crystal host for Nd3+ doping to use it for bioimaging in the first biological window of wavelengths.
•Simple criteria for crystal host selection for Nd3+ doping to use in 1st NIR is set.•Based on it, the fluorescence branching ratios and quenching is estimated in the NPs.•Aqueous colloidal solutions of Nd:LaF3 and Nd:KY3F10 NPs are obtained by HTMW method.•An optimal concentration of Nd3+ for highest NIR fluorescence brightness is found.•The advantages of Nd:LaF3 aqueous colloidal solutions over Nd:KY3F10 ones are listed.
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on health and economies around the world. Direct myocardial injury and cytokine storm, leading to destabilization of ...preexisting plaques and accelerated formation of new plaques, are two mechanisms that trigger the acute coronary syndrome in COVID-19. There is insufficient data on the immune status of patients with acute coronary syndrome who have undergone COVID-19. The aim of the study was to study T and B cell, humoral immunity depending on the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8
+
) in patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent COVID-19. Materials and methods of research: 65 men with unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction (acute coronary syndrome) from 40 to 65 years old, who had previously had COVID-19, were examined. A study of peripheral blood was carried out: complete blood count (Medonic device, Sweden), general and specific IgM, IgG, IgA, compliment fragments (Vector Best, Russia). Subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. In persons with acute coronary syndrome who underwent COVID-19 with predominantly normal and elevated levels of cytotoxic T cells, a more severe course of the disease was observed: patients with acute myocardial infarction prevailed, they had longer mortality, longer treatment duration, and stent thrombosis was more common. In patients with elevated cytotoxic T cells, there was a maximum increase in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes of both the total number and subpopulations – T helpers, T-NK lymphocytes, NK lymphocytes, T lymphocytes of early and late activation, B1 and B2 lymphocytes, index of NBT-induced test. In patients with normal levels of NK cells, compared with other groups, there was an increase in spontaneous NBT activity and index, a significant decrease in C3a and C5a complement fragments. Prevalence of stent thrombosis and mortality in the group of patients with normal levels of cytotoxic T cells may indicate torpidity of the immune system in these patients with poor outcomes.
A complex of physicochemical studies was conducted: chemical analysis, x-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, microstructure analysis of ash-slag waste (ASW) from Apatitskaya CHPP and ...Severodvinskaya TPP-1. It has been established that these materials are promising raw materials for the silicate industry, because in terms of structure as well as chemical and phase composition they represent an amorphous aluminosilicate composition that does not undergo phase transformations during heat treatment. ASW can be used in the production of temperature-curable eco-geopolymers for road construction in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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