Frequency of history of asthma prior to index date was compared between glioma cases and their matched controls using conditional logistic regression models.
GRAPE is an implementation of Grammatical Evolution (GE) in DEAP, an Evolutionary Computation framework in Python, which consists of the necessary classes and functions to evolve a population of ...grammar-based solutions, while reporting essential measures. This tool was developed at the Bio-computing and Developmental Systems (BDS) Research Group, the birthplace of GE, as an easy to use (compared to the canonical C++ implementation, libGE) tool that inherits all the advantages of DEAP, such as selection methods, parallelism and multiple search techniques, all of which can be used with GRAPE. In this paper, we address some problems to exemplify the use of GRAPE and to perform a comparison with PonyGE2, an existing implementation of GE in Python. The results show that GRAPE has a similar performance, but is able to avail of all the extra facilities and functionality found in the DEAP framework. We further show that GRAPE enables GE to be applied to systems identification problems and we demonstrate this on two benchmark problems.
A thorough examination of the characteristics of a high- performing school, written by Sir Cyril Taylor (Chairman of the Specialist Schools Trust) and Conor Ryan (senior adviser to Tony Blair on ...Education).
Whaling in Ireland began in the 14th century and ended in 1976. This paper focuses on industrial shore-based whaling carried out from two stations in Co. Mayo (Iniskea and Blacksod) from 1908 to ...1922. Archive landing records (n = 894) were analysed providing coarse but important baseline information on diet, sex ratios, pregnancy rates, and seasonal occurrences of Blue, Fin, Humpback, Northern Right, Sei and Sperm Whales. Catches were skewed in favour of females in Blue Whales and males for Sei and Sperm Whales. Right and Sei Whales arrived in the whaling ground in May-June followed by Blue and Fin Whales in July-August. Right Whales appear to have been driven locally extinct by whaling, while Humpback Whales were apparently already scarce by 1908. Whaling had a profound and enduring impact on the numbers of Blue, Right and Sei Whales in the former whaling ground.
Abstract
Background
We assessed glioma incidence and disparities in postglioma survival rate in the Olmsted County, Minnesota, population.
Methods
This population-based study assessed the incidence ...of pathologically confirmed primary gliomas between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2014. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates per 100 000 person-years were calculated and standardized to the US white 2010 population. We compared incidence trends of glioma during our study period with previously published Olmsted County data from 1950 to 1990. We assessed postglioma survival rates among individuals with different socioeconomic status (SES), which was measured by a validated individual HOUsing-based SES index (HOUSES).
Results
We identified 135 incident glioma cases (93% white) with 20 pediatric (50% female) and 115 adult cases (44% female). Overall incidence rate during our study period, 5.51 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 4.56-6.46), showed no significant changes and was similar to that seen in 1950 to 1990, 5.5 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence of pediatric (age < 20 years) glioma was 2.49 (95% CI: 1.40-3.58), whereas adult glioma incidence was 6.47 (95% CI: 5.26-7.67). Among those with grade II to IV gliomas, individuals with lower SES (< median HOUSES) had significantly lower 5-year survival rates compared to those with higher SES, adjusted hazard ratio 1.61 (95% CI: 1.01-2.85).
Conclusion
In a well-defined North American population, long-term glioma incidence appears stable since 1950. Significant socioeconomic disparities exist for postglioma survival.
This paper will review the main sensor technologies used to create an autonomous vehicle. Sensors are key components for all types of autonomous vehicles because they can provide the data required to ...perceive the surrounding environment and therefore aid the decision-making process. This paper explains how each of these sensors work, their advantages and disadvantages and how sensor fusion techniques can be utilised to create a more optimum and efficient system for autonomous vehicles.
Photo‐catalysis by small‐molecules is often limited by catalyst degradation and low electron‐transfer efficiency. Herein we report a stable N‐phenyl‐phenothiazine (PTH)‐derived porous coordination ...cage (PCC) as a highly efficient photocatalyst. By the incorporation of the photocatalytic PTH moiety into a PCC, aggregation‐induced quenching (AIQ) was shown to be reduced. An improvement in catalyst stability was discovered, ascribed to the synergistic effects of the PTH moieties. The catalyst, operating through a photolytic single‐electron transfer, was utilized for photo‐catalyzed dehalogenation and borylation. Evaluation of the catalytic mechanism in the borylation reaction showed that the improved performance results from the more efficient formation of the electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex with the cage. This discovery provides a potential strategy to improve the photophysical properties and stabilities of small‐molecule organic photocatalysts via supramolecular chemistry.
Porous coordination cages (PCCs) are known for their strong intermolecular interaction and high stability for homogeneous catalysis. In this work, a photo‐active molecule, PTH, was assembled into PCC‐40, which showed excellent photocatalytic performance in dehalogenation and photo‐borylation. The synergistic effect of multi catalytic centers was studied. The results may provide future directions for improvement of a large group of photocatalysts.
The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on Earth, yet little is known about the processes driving patterns of genetic diversity in its inhabitants. Here, we investigated the macro- and ...microevolutionary processes shaping genomic population structure and diversity in two poorly understood, globally distributed, deep-sea predators: Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). We used double-digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) and whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequencing to characterise genetic patterns using phylogenetic trees, cluster analysis, isolation-by-distance, genetic diversity and differentiation statistics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Blainville’s n = 43 samples, SNPs=13988; Cuvier’s n = 123, SNPs= 30479) and mitogenomes (Blainville’s n = 27; Cuvier’s n = 35) revealed substantial hierarchical structure at a global scale. Both species display significant genetic structure between the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and in Cuvier’s, the Mediterranean Sea. Within major ocean basins, clear differentiation is found between genetic clusters on the east and west sides of the North Atlantic, and some distinct patterns of structure in the Indo-Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. We infer that macroevolutionary processes shaping patterns of genetic diversity include biogeographical barriers, highlighting the importance of such barriers even to highly mobile, deep-diving taxa. The barriers likely differ between the species due to their thermal tolerances and evolutionary histories. On a microevolutionary scale, it seems likely that the balance between resident populations displaying site fidelity, and transient individuals facilitating gene flow, shapes patterns of connectivity and genetic drift in beaked whales. Based on these results, we propose management units to facilitate improved conservation measures for these elusive species.
•The deep sea is the largest yet one of the most poorly understood ecosystems on Earth.•Genetic structure in two globally distributed deep sea predators were investigated.•Genomic markers showed hierarchical structure among and within ocean basins.•Biogeographical barriers are important at macroevolutionary scales for both species.•Differences between species relate to life history traits and philopatry.
•People pay $1,000’s to keep their health insurance plan, but it is unclear why.•We study inertia in California’s Health Insurance Marketplace, Covered California.•We find inattention and the hassle ...costs of switching plans are the primary sources of inertia.•Inattention and hassle costs create over $1 billion in welfare losses per year.
Consumers in private health insurance markets are highly inertial. The literature has repeatedly found consumers are willing to pay thousands of dollars to keep their health plan. However, the causes of inertia are not well understood, despite their importance in determining whether welfare can be improved by reducing inertia and which types of policies would be effective in doing so. Using administrative data from California’s Health Insurance Marketplace, we separately identify three sources of inertia—tastes for provider continuity, inattention, and hassle costs—using two-stage models of inattention and health plan choice. We find that eliminating inattention and hassle costs would reduce repeated health plan choice by 53 percentage points and that interventions to reduce inattention and hassle costs are complements. Inattention and hassle costs cost consumers over a billion dollars in foregone consumer surplus in 2018, roughly $1,790 per household per year or half the annual premium paid by the median household, with inattention accounting for the largest source of forgone surplus. We conclude that interventions to reduce inertial plan choice should jointly focus on hassle costs and particularly inattention, but not tastes for provider continuity.
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