Medulloblastoma (MB) is rarely seen in adults. For adjuvant therapy in adults the same therapy protocols used in pediatric cases are used. The present study retrospectively evaluated the data of MB ...patients who were treated in different Oncology Centers in Turkey.
The data of 60 adult patients with MB from 8 Oncology Centers diagnosed between 2005 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.
The median patient age was 28.8 years (range 16-54). The administered chemotherapy included procarbazine+lomustin+vincristine (group A, N=31) and cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide+vincristine+cisplatin (group B, N=13). Median chemotherapy courses were 4 (range 1-8). Median progression free survival (PFS) was 76 months and median overall survival (OS) has not been reached in both groups. In young female patients and in those who received adjuvant chemotherapy, median PFS and OS were longer but without statistical significance. Mean PFS and OS were 65.9 months and 101.2 months in group A and 113.6 months and 141.6 months in group B, respectively.
Improved survival results were obtained in women, in patients aged below 25 years, in those who underwent gross total excision (GTE) and in those who received adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide/ifosphamide.
Aim
The goal of this study is to evaluate possible factors affecting the survival of patients treated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues.
Methods
Demographic characteristics, ...treatment modalities, overall survival (OS) and the possible factors affecting the survival a total of 554 premenopausal breast cancer patients in Turkey evaluated retrospectively.
Results
The median duration of GnRH analogues use was 22 ± 13.6 (range, 1–87) months. Patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of GNRH analogues use; 4–12 months (Group A), 13–24 months (Group B) and ≥25 months (Group C). Overall, 530 patients were analyzed; 23.2%, 45.8%, 30.9% of the patients were in Group A, B and C, respectively. The median follow‐up duration was 34 ± 30.3 (range, 4–188) months. The OS in patients ≤35 years of age was found to be significantly longer than that of patients >35 years of age in Group B (log rank, P = 0.023). The disease‐free survival of the patients in Group A was significantly shorter than that of patients in Group C (log rank, P = 0.003). The OS of Group A patients was significantly shorter in comparison to that of Group B and Group C patients (log rank, P = 0.000) and the OS of Group B patients was significantly shorter than Group C (log rank, P = 0,000).
Conclusion
There is currently no definite data on the optimal duration of GnRH analogues use. One of the important results of this study that will provide an insight to the future studies is the improvement gained in OS by the increase in the duration of GnRH analogues use.
In the civilized world, education has become one of the most important tools for the modernization of society, as well as for the development of the economy and the state. At the same time, it is ...increasingly important to acquire new knowledge and apply it in practice. Therefore, ensuring the mutual integration of science and education and extensive use of the opportunities of this process to achieve sustainable development is one of the most pressing problems of modern development. The fourth of the 17 goals of sustainable development is related to education, providing inclusive and equal quality education for all and supporting lifelong learning opportunities. The main purpose of education for sustainable development is to bring up educated people with comprehensive knowledge in society, socially active, able to understand the processes and events in public life, modern worldview, moral, cultural and ethical values, socially responsible, behavioral norms. This research examines the role of education in ensuring sustainable development, the relationship between education and environmental, economic development and labor market development. Education has the ability to solve and eliminate environmental problems, to ensure the formation of an environmentally responsible society to prevent them. Education also increases people's ability to withstand the risks associated with environmental change. Education enables people to learn, increase their knowledge and improve their economic situation, lift them out of poverty, and achieve inclusive development by providing them with new knowledge, skills and habits. The solution of these issues is increasing the relevance and importance of lifelong learning in society. Higher and modern levels of education also expand people's opportunities to find work by making them more competitive in the labor market. In general, education provides a solid foundation for improving the living standards of members of society and ensuring a healthy, value-based lifestyle, gender equality in society, and the understanding and promotion of rights and freedoms.
As it is known, foreign trade is of great importance for small but resource-rich economies like Azerbaijan. To ensure continuous and sustainable development in the economy, the rational use of oil ...revenues plays an essential role in the growth of the non-oil sector and the development of non-oil export potential. One of the geo-economics ways to increase export potential is by clustering of economic activities. The purpose of this study is to assess the role of clustering in increasing the export potential in Azerbaijan and to develop proposals in this direction. The research focuses on studying practices of clustering in different economies around the world and evaluate their potential use in Azerbaijan. In addition, the identification of promising application fields by assessing the potential of clustering in different regions of the country, are encouraging early steps in this direction. Clusters are the grouping of interconnected industries in the region that serve to increase the wealth of the population through the export of goods and services. The fact that clusters cover all links in the supply chain, and incorporate support services and dedicated infrastructure, distinguishes them from traditional practices. The geographic concentration of such clusters in areas with a high flow of goods and services create added value for the country's economy. Clusters are formed by companies and enterprises that operate in the same geographical areas and have certain similarities, associations or operation links in trade and production. Another important advantage of clustering is the creation of broad innovation development opportunities. Today, all over the world, clusters are considered to be one of the most effective forms of innovation vehicle. The merger of companies in the form of clusters prevents the spontaneous accumulation of different inventions and creates a well-balanced system for distribution and transfer of innovation, new knowledge, and technology capabilities.
The study of the national wealth of a country has many important, comprehensive and interrelated issues: the essence, analysis, evaluation, effective use, etc. of national wealth. discovery. Given ...that national wealth is one of the main macroeconomic indicators of the country and is the basis for sustainable development, it is easy to imagine the appropriateness and perspective of a comprehensive study of these issues. Under the concept of national wealth, it is understood that all assets of the country that allow the production of goods, provide services and save lives are understood. At the same time, national wealth is the basis and result of the sustainable economic development of each state. Therefore, a complete and objective assessment of the structure and dynamics of national welfare should be considered as an important and urgent issue for the state of the economy and the development of economic policies. National wealth acts as an indicator of the overall assessment of development outcomes in the country's historical development process. MS is a collection of financial gains accumulated in the country over a period of time. The main problem in the assessment of national wealth is the complexity of each of its constituent elements. Until recently, the methodology used to calculate national wealth was very different and made it difficult to make international comparisons. The National Coordination Appraisal and National Wealth Calculation Method was applied on the basis of the National Accounts System - 2008 (MHS-2008) supported by the UN Statistical Commission. The World Bank's concept of national wealth has become more widespread lately. According to this concept, national wealth consists of the elements that make up the whole system: natural capital, physical capital (produced), intangible (human and institutional) capital. By investigating two different systems, we believe that the structure of the system should be examined in three ways for best results: intangible assets (human capital, intellectual, social and institutional values) and financial assets (financial instruments and instruments).
