Edge localized modes (ELMs) in high-confinement mode plasmas were completely suppressed in KSTAR by applying n=1 nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbations. Initially, the ELMs were intensified with a ...reduction of frequency, but completely suppressed later. The electron density had an initial 10% decrease followed by a gradual increase as ELMs were suppressed. Interesting phenomena such as a saturated evolution of edge T(e) and broadband changes of magnetic fluctuations were observed, suggesting the change of edge transport by the applied magnetic perturbations.
The annual modulation signal observed by the DAMA experiment is a long-standing question in the community of dark matter direct detection. This necessitates an independent verification of its ...existence using the same detection technique. The COSINE-100 experiment has been operating with 106 kg of low-background NaI(Tl) detectors providing interesting checks on the DAMA signal. However, due to higher backgrounds in the NaI(Tl) crystals used in COSINE-100 relative to those used for DAMA, it was difficult to reach final conclusions. Since the start of COSINE-100 data taking in 2016, we also have initiated a program to develop ultra-pure NaI(Tl) crystals for COSINE-200, the next phase of the experiment. The program includes efforts of raw powder purification, ultra-pure NaI(Tl) crystal growth, and detector assembly techniques. After extensive research and development of NaI(Tl) crystal growth, we have successfully grown a few small-size (0.61–0.78 kg) thallium-doped crystals with high radio-purity. A high light yield has been achieved by improvements of our detector assembly technique. Here we report the ultra-pure NaI(Tl) detector developments at the Institute for Basic Science, Korea. The technique developed here will be applied to the production of NaI(Tl) detectors for the COSINE-200 experiment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The increasing severity of droughts/floods and worsening air quality from increasing aerosols in Asia monsoon regions are the two gravest threats facing over 60% of the world population living in ...Asian monsoon regions. These dual threats have fueled a large body of research in the last decade on the roles of aerosols in impacting Asian monsoon weather and climate. This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies on Asian aerosols, monsoons, and their interactions. The Asian monsoon region is a primary source of emissions of diverse species of aerosols from both anthropogenic and natural origins. The distributions of aerosol loading are strongly influenced by distinct weather and climatic regimes, which are, in turn, modulated by aerosol effects. On a continental scale, aerosols reduce surface insolation and weaken the land‐ocean thermal contrast, thus inhibiting the development of monsoons. Locally, aerosol radiative effects alter the thermodynamic stability and convective potential of the lower atmosphere leading to reduced temperatures, increased atmospheric stability, and weakened wind and atmospheric circulations. The atmospheric thermodynamic state, which determines the formation of clouds, convection, and precipitation, may also be altered by aerosols serving as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei. Absorbing aerosols such as black carbon and desert dust in Asian monsoon regions may also induce dynamical feedback processes, leading to a strengthening of the early monsoon and affecting the subsequent evolution of the monsoon. Many mechanisms have been put forth regarding how aerosols modulate the amplitude, frequency, intensity, and phase of different monsoon climate variables. A wide range of theoretical, observational, and modeling findings on the Asian monsoon, aerosols, and their interactions are synthesized. A new paradigm is proposed on investigating aerosol‐monsoon interactions, in which natural aerosols such as desert dust, black carbon from biomass burning, and biogenic aerosols from vegetation are considered integral components of an intrinsic aerosol‐monsoon climate system, subject to external forcing of global warming, anthropogenic aerosols, and land use and change. Future research on aerosol‐monsoon interactions calls for an integrated approach and international collaborations based on long‐term sustained observations, process measurements, and improved models, as well as using observations to constrain model simulations and projections.
Key Points
The fast‐developing Asia has suffered severe air pollution problem
Aerosol affects the Asian monsoon
Aerosol‐monsoon interactions dictate the climate change in the region
The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs have functions that are ...distinct from those of the related heat shock proteins, and they can be actively translocated to other cellular locations and assume novel functions that control signalling, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. Mouse models further identified their specific roles in development, tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This Review describes their discovery and regulation, as well as their biological functions in cancer. Promising agents that use or target the GRPs are being developed, and their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics is also discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Patients who complete neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer without a pathological complete response have a high risk of relapse. A randomized trial comparing capecitabine with no additional ...adjuvant therapy showed that capecitabine prolonged disease-free and overall survival.
Patients who have residual invasive breast cancer after the receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy have a high risk of relapse.
1
The rate of complete response as assessed on pathological testing (hereafter, pathological complete response) ranges from 13 to 22% among patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative primary breast cancer.
1
Patients who do not have a pathological complete response after the receipt of neoadjuvant taxane and anthracycline chemotherapy have a 20 to 30% risk of relapse.
2
Patients with HER2-negative cancer who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy often receive postoperative radiation therapy, whereas endocrine therapy is administered to patients with hormone-receptor–positive disease . . .
The existence of charge-density-wave (CDW) correlations in cuprate superconductors has now been established. However, the nature of the CDW ground state has remained uncertain because disorder and ...the presence of superconductivity typically limit the CDW correlation lengths to only a dozen unit cells or less. Here we explore the field-induced 3D CDW correlations in extremely pure detwinned crystals of YBa₂Cu₃Oₓ (YBCO) ortho-II and ortho-VIII at magnetic fields in excess of the resistive upper critical field (H
c2) where superconductivity is heavily suppressed. We observe that the 3D CDW is unidirectional and possesses a long in-plane correlation length as well as significant correlations between neighboring CuO₂ planes. It is significant that we observe only a single sharply defined transition at a critical field proportional to H
c2, given that the field range used in this investigation overlaps with other high-field experiments including quantum oscillation measurements. The correlation volume is at least two to three orders of magnitude larger than that of the zero-field CDW. This is by far the largest CDW correlation volume observed in any cuprate crystal and so is presumably representative of the high-field ground state of an “ideal” disorder-free cuprate.
In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical success of B ...cell depletion therapies (BCDTs). Originally conceived as a method of eliminating cancerous B cells, BCDTs such as those targeting CD20, CD19 and BAFF are now used to treat autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The use of BCDTs in autoimmune disease has led to some surprises. For example, although antibody-secreting plasma cells are thought to have a negative pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, BCDT, even when it controls the disease, has limited impact on these cells and on antibody levels. In this Review, we update our understanding of B cell biology, review the results of clinical trials using BCDT in autoimmune indications, discuss hypotheses for the mechanism of action of BCDT and speculate on evolving strategies for targeting B cells beyond depletion.
Over the last several years, social and solidarity economy (SSE) has received increasing attention from policymakers, researchers and practitioners worldwide for its potential in addressing today's ...major challenges - including poverty, unemployment, inequality, social exclusion and climate change. As an integrated, people-centred, and planet sensitive approach, SSE aims to generate values for the local communities and people based on the principles of equity, inclusion, cooperation, solidarity and democracy. Its activities are primarily focused on meeting the needs of communities and creating an inclusive and sustainable society where socially vulnerable groups are also empowered. The Korean government established various supportive legal frameworks and policies for SSE in the past decade, and as a result, and a large range of SSE organizations and enterprises (SEOEs) has rapidly appeared in the country. While there is growing consensus that SEOEs in South Korea are potentially well-positioned to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is less clear how well it is doing in practice. This study uses the existing data and analysis to put together an assessment of the economic, social and environmental impacts of SSE in South Korea, and relates these impacts to the SDGs. Specifically, this study looks at SEOEs in urban agriculture and circular economy sectors to examine their role in building sustainable and innovative business and helping the country adapt to climate change. This study presents a number of evidence that SSE can be a key means of the achievement of SDGs, particularly 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 12 and 13.
High-temperature copper oxide superconductors consist of stacked CuO
planes, with electronic band structures and magnetic excitations that are primarily two-dimensional
, but with superconducting ...coherence that is three-dimensional. This dichotomy highlights the importance of out-of-plane charge dynamics, which has been found to be incoherent in the normal state
within the limited range of momenta accessible by optics. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to explore the charge dynamics across all three dimensions of the Brillouin zone. Polarization analysis of recently discovered collective excitations (modes) in electron-doped copper oxides
reveals their charge origin, that is, without mixing with magnetic components
. The excitations disperse along both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions, revealing its three-dimensional nature. The periodicity of the out-of-plane dispersion corresponds to the distance between neighbouring CuO
planes rather than to the crystallographic c-axis lattice constant, suggesting that the interplane Coulomb interaction is responsible for the coherent out-of-plane charge dynamics. The observed properties are hallmarks of the long-sought 'acoustic plasmon', which is a branch of distinct charge collective modes predicted for layered systems
and argued to play a substantial part in mediating high-temperature superconductivity
.
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