The CMS silicon tracker Focardi, E; Albergo, S; Angarano, M ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2000, Letnik:
453, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper describes the Silicon microstrip Tracker of the CMS experiment at LHC. It consists of a barrel part with 5 layers and two endcaps with 10 disks each. About 10
000 single-sided equivalent ...modules have to be built, each one carrying two daisy-chained silicon detectors and their front-end electronics. Back-to-back modules are used to read-out the radial coordinate. The tracker will be operated in an environment kept at a temperature of
T=−10°C to minimize the Si sensors radiation damage. Heavily irradiated detectors will be safely operated due to the high-voltage capability of the sensors. Full-size mechanical prototypes have been built to check the system aspects before starting the construction.
The R&D program for silicon detectors in CMS Tonelli, G; Albergo, S; Angarano, M ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/1999, Letnik:
435, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper describes the main achievements in the development of radiation resistant silicon detectors to be used in the CMS tracker. After a general description of the basic requirements for the ...operation of large semiconductor systems in the LHC environment, the issue of radiation resistance is discussed in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of the different technological options are presented for comparison. Laboratory measurements and test beam data are used to check the performance of several series of prototypes fabricated by different companies. The expected performance of the final detector modules are presented together with preliminary test beam results on system prototypes.
A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase I Upgrade of the LHC . The new CMS pixel detector provides ...four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is 99.95 ± 0.05%, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are 4.80 ± 0.25 μm and 7.99 ± 0.21 μm along the 100 μm and 150 μm pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.
The CMS silicon strip tracker Focardi, E; Albergo, S; Angarano, M ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/1999, Letnik:
435, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Silicon Strip Tracker (SST) is the intermediate part of the CMS Central Tracker System. SST is based on microstrip silicon devices and in combination with pixel detectors and the Microstrip Gas ...Chambers aims at performing pattern recognition, track reconstruction and momentum measurements for all tracks with
p
T≥2 GeV/
c originating from high luminosity interactions at
s
=14
TeV at LHC. We aim at exploiting the advantages and the physics potential of the precise tracking performance provided by the microstrip silicon detectors on a large scale apparatus and in a much more difficult environment than ever. In this paper we describe the actual SST layout and the readout system.
We report selected results of laboratory measurements and beam tests of heavily irradiated microstrip silicon detectors. The detectors were single-sided devices, produced by different manufacturers ...and irradiated with different sources, for several total ionizing doses and fluences up to 4 /spl times/10/sup 14/ 1-MeV-equivalent neutrons per cm/sup 2/. Strip resistance and capacitance, detector leakage currents and breakdown performance were measured before and after irradiations. Signal-to-noise ratio and detector efficiency were studied in beam tests, for different values of the detector temperature and of the read-out pitch, as a function of the detector bias voltage. The goal of these test is to optimise the design of the final prototypes for the Silicon Strip Tracker of the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC collider.
We report the results of test beams performed at CERN using irradiated microstrip silicon detectors. The detectors were single- and double-sided devices, produced by different manufacturers and ...irradiated with neutrons at various fluences up to 3.6 × 10
13 n/cm
2. Signal-to-noise ratio, resolution and efficiency were studied for different values of the incidence angle, of the detector temperature and of the read-out pitch, as a function of the detector bias voltage. The goal of these tests was to optimize the design of the final prototypes for the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker.
We present the results of two beam tests performed in July and September 1996 at CERN in order to study the behaviour of irradiated single- and double-sided silicon detectors from different ...manufacturers. All detectors had been irradiated with neutrons, up to a maximum fluence of 3.6×1013cm−2, and had reached type inversion. Signal-to-noise ratio, resolution and efficiency have been studied for different values of detectors bias voltage, operation temperature (ranging from −10°C to +20°C) and read-out pitch and, in some case, for different incidence angle of the incoming particle. The results are promising, since no dramatic deterioration of detector performances has been observed.
The CMS silicon microstrip detectors: research and development Bacchetta, N.; Albergo, S.; Azzi, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/1999, Letnik:
426, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A large quantity of silicon microstrip detectors is foreseen to be used as part of the CMS tracker. A specific research and development program has been carried out with the aim of defining layouts ...and technological solutions suitable for the use of silicon detectors in high radiation environment. Results presented here summarise this work on many research areas such as techniques for device manufacturing, pre- and post-irradiation electrical characterization, silicon bulk defects analysis and simulations, system performance analytical calculations and simulations and test beam analysis. As a result of this work we have chosen to use single-sided, AC-coupled, poly silicon biased, 300
μm thick, p
+ on n substrate detectors. We feel confident that these devices will match the required performances for the CMS tracker provided they can be operated at bias voltages as high as 500
V. Such high-voltage devices have been succesfully manufactured and we are now concentrating our efforts in enhancing yield and reliability.
We report the results of two beam tests performed in July and September 1995 at CERN using silicon microstrip detectors of various types: single sided, double sided with small-angle stereo strips, ...double sided with orthogonal strips, double sided with pads. For the read-out electronics, use was made of Preshape32, Premux 128 and VA1 chips. The signal-to-noise ratio and the resolution of the detectors was studied at different incident angles of the incoming particles and for different values of the detector bias voltage. The goal of these tests was to check and improve the performances of the prototypes for the CMS Central Detector.
Test results of heavily irradiated Si detectors Albergo, S; Azzi, P; Babucci, E ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
1999, Letnik:
422, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A large use of silicon microstrip detectors is foreseen for the intermediate part of the CMS tracker. A specific research and development program has been carried out with the aim of finding design ...layouts and technological solutions for allowing silicon microstrip detectors to be reliably used on a high radiation level environment. As a result of this work single sided, AC-coupled, polysilicon biased, 300
μ
m thick, p
+ on n substrate detectors were chosen. Irradiation tests have been performed on prototypes up to fluence 2×10
14
n/cm
2. The detector performances do not significantly change if the detectors are biased well above the depletion voltage.
S/
N is reduced by less than 20%, still enough to insure a good efficiency and space resolution. Multiguard structures has been developed in order to reach high voltage operation (above 500
V).
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