Water is the lifeblood of all living things; we often overlook the fact that the water cycle and the life cycle are inextricably linked. However, it has become contaminated as a result of ...industrialization, which has impacted the ecosystem by emitting numerous dyes, organic solvents, petroleum products, heavy metals, chemicals, diseases, and solid wastes. The absence of treatment in reusing wastewater is the root of the issues. Hence it is essential to treat the water to preserve the ecosystem and also for human health. In recent years, graphene-based photocatalysts are attracted much in the waste water treatment process due to their outstanding physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Since in the graphene-based photocatalyst, graphene has exceptional electron conductivity, a broad range of light absorption, a large surface area, and a high adsorption capacity. When it is integrated into metals, metal-containing nanocomposites, semiconductor nanocomposites, polymers, MXene, and other compounds, it can greatly boost the photocatalytic activity towards the photo destruction of contaminants. Hence in this review, water pollution, methods of waste water treatment, fundamental principles of photocatalysis, the photocatalytic activity of other materials in wastewater treatment, and how the photocatalytic efficiency against the removal of organic dyes can be enhanced when coalesced with graphene are detailed.
•This review describes the overall contamination of water and treatment methods.•Synergic effect of graphene oxide based nanocomposites increased photocatalyst activity.•An assessment of the latest state of new graphene based technologies and a suggestion for future corrective action.
Pharmaceuticals, personal care items, steroid hormones, and agrochemicals are among the synthetic and indigenous products that make up micropollutants, also known as emerging contaminants. ...Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPPs) are a class of developing micropollutants that can harm living organisms even at low concentrations. Many are detected in surface water and wastewater from the treatment process, with quantities ranging from ng L-1 to gL-1; however, residual PPPs at dangerously high levels have indeed recently been recognized in the ecosystem. Residential sewage treatment plant (STP) dump the largest majority of these pollutants into the environment on a regular basis. As a result of its robust structure, it has a longer lifespan in the environment. This review article discusses how surface water pollutants such pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated compounds affect water quality, as well as the most cost-effective adsorbents for removing these PPPs. The goal of this study is to provide information about the origins of PPP, as well as diagnostic procedures and treatment options. Research on developing contaminants is also aimed at evaluating the efficacy and affordability of adsorption.
•The methods for identifying pharmaceutical and personal care goods in aquatic systems are evaluated critically.•Adsorption and Advance oxidation process show great potential for treatment of PPPs.•PPPs were degraded using a variety of treatment approaches.•The effects of PPPs in the environment on human health were assessed.•Suggestions were made for further study.
Globally, ecotoxicologists, environmental biologists, biochemists, pathologists, and other experts are concerned about environmental contamination. Numerous pollutants, such as harmful heavy metals ...and emerging hazardous chemicals, are pervasive sources of water pollution. Water pollution and sustainable development have several eradication strategies proposed and used. Biosorption is a low-cost, easy-to-use, profitable, and efficient method of removing pollutants from water resources. Microorganisms are effective biosorbents, and their biosorption efficacy varies based on several aspects, such as ambient factors, sorbing materials, and metals to be removed. Microbial culture survival is also important. Biofilm agglomerates play an important function in metal uptake by extracellular polymeric molecules from water resources. This study investigates the occurrence of heavy metals, their removal by biosorption techniques, and the influence of variables such as those indicated above on biosorption performance. Ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption are all components of biosorption. Between 20 and 35 °C is the optimal temperature range for biosorption efficiency from water resources. Utilizing living microorganisms that interact with the active functional groups found in the water contaminants might increase biosorption efficiency. This article discusses the negative impacts of microorganisms on living things and provides an outline of how they affect the elimination of heavy metals.
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•The biosorption capacity of live biomass was higher than that of nonliving biomass.•Biomass and metabolization are essential components of heavy metal biosorption.•Living biomass exhibited a stronger capacity for biosorption than nonliving biomass.•Examined are the obstacles to commercialization that are still there.•Microorganisms can use decomposing biomass to produce clean energy.
•Cashew apple juice can be used as a potential substrate for MFC.•Dual chambered acrylic MFC with MEA was used.•Maximum power and current density and OCV were reported.
Cashew apple juice which is an ...agro-based residue, more than 90% of the cashew apple is left as waste in the land after removing the cashew nuts. As a low cost agricultural waste, it is a potential source of substrate for industrial and biotechnological processes. It is reported that Cashew apple juice is used as a potential source of substrate for the production of bio ethanol, and other value added products such as dextran, lactic acid, mannitol and oligosaccharides etc. through fermentation. In this work, we report that the clarified cashew apple juice can be used as a potential substrate for microbial fuel cell generating open circuit voltage of 0.4 V and maximum power density and current density of 31.58 mW/m2, 350 mA/m2 respectively.
Advances in genomics and the gradual reduction of cost for technologies like whole-genome sequencing have provided exciting opportunities for developing modern biotechnological-based vaccines in ...aquaculture. This systemic review describes the prospects and challenges of implementing these high-tech vaccines in fish species. The majority of the commercial vaccines in aquaculture utilize conventional procedures for which cost of administration, protective immunity and safety issues are the major challenges. In recent years, more efficient vaccines are being developed by adopting the advances in vaccine technology. Vaccines based on surface antigens, protein/peptide/polysaccharide subunits, recombinant DNA/mRNA/plasmids, novel antigen expression and delivery systems (bacteriophage particles, virus like particles/VLPs, recombinant yeast, mucosal vaccines), novel molecular adjuvants (IL-8, IL-12, HSPs), and encapsulation polymers and polysaccharides like chitosan nanoparticles and PLGA microcapsule were successfully developed. These biotechnology-based vaccines have proved to be very efficient in field trials, but are always in the research pipeline or as patents. Only very few of them are licensed for use, that too, in high-valued fishes like salmonids. Currently, commercial aquaculture vaccines are available for Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella ictalurid, and for certain Betanodaviruses. Nevertheless, no registered vaccines are available for other major infectious diseases/pathogens such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), viral nervous necrosis virus (VNN) and certain other betanodaviruses, channel catfish virus (CCV), gill disease bacteria, mycobacteria, flavobacterium, Edwardsiella tarda, and certain streptococci. Despite the important economic losses that the pathogens cause to aquaculture worldwide, the commercialization of vaccines remains limited due to immunological pitfalls in aquatic species, large-scale vaccination issues, unregulated use of antibiotics and chemicals, gene-based vaccine regulations and commercial viability. If attempts are to be made to develop novel delivery methods, cost-effective procedures, and relaxations in DNA vaccine regulations, biotechnology-based vaccination could circumvent the emerging disease challenges in aquaculture.
Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles doped with Al ions, Co1-x AlxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) were prepared by sol-gel method. An attempt is made to understand if and how the Al substitution affect the ...structural and electrical properties of cobalt ferrite. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis confirmed the single phase cubic spinel structure of the nanocrystals. Crystallite size, lattice constant and x-ray density were calculated from the XRD data. A reduction in crystallite size and lattice parameter values were found with increased dopant concentration. Tetrahedral and octahedral hopping lengths and other related parameters were also calculated from the XRD data. The effect of doping on morphological features were monitored using Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) spectral analysis confirmed the cubic spinel structure of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the occurrence of characteristic absorption bands. Improved values of dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and resistivity were displayed by Al doped ferrite samples. Detailed impedance spectroscopy analysis with the help of Cole-Cole plot explored the capability of the Al doped cobalt ferrite to be suitable for high frequency applications and magnetic memory devices.
•CoFe2O4 samples was doped with trivalent metal Al using sol-gel method.•Crystal structure was determined from the XRD data.•The structural morphological changes were monitored.•The dielectric parameters were explored.•Impedance spectroscopy analysis indicates the material to be suitable for memory device applications.
This work presents optical and multiferroic properties of bismuth ferrite thin films that are affected by zirconium and dysprosium substitution. Non-centrosymmetric BiFeO3,Bi0.95Zr0.05FeO3, and ...Bi0.95Dy0.05FeO3 thin films were coated on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates using the spin coating method. The crystal structure, optical properties, microstructural, ferromagnetic, and ferroelectric properties of doped bismuth ferrite thin films were systematically investigated. From the XRD patterns, all the prepared thin films matched well with the rhombohedral structure with R3c space group with no observed impurity phases. The average crystallite size of the bismuth ferrite thin films were between 35 and 47 nm, and the size depended on the type of dopant. The determined energy band gap values of BiFeO3, Bi0.95Dy0.05FeO3, and Bi0.95Zr0.05FeO3 thin films were 2.32 eV, 2.3 eV, and 2 eV, respectively. Doping of Dy and Zr at the Bi site led to reduced surface roughness. The prepared thin films exhibited enhanced ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties. The remnant magnetization of Zr-doped BiFeO3 was greater than that of the BiFeO3 and Dy-doped BiFeO3 thin films. From the obtained results, it was concluded that Zr-doped BiFeO3 thin films are suitable for solar cell fabrication.
In this work, we examined the possibility on the application of rice husk as biosorbent for the elimination of heavy metal ions (chromium, lead, and zinc) existing in the aqueous solutions. The ...biosorbent was prepared from rice husk powder and modified with 0.1 N of HCl for creating the functional groups and increase specific surface area. The FT-IR spectra, SEM& EDX studies of rice hulls powder were examined for the pristine adsorbent and after the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The batch adsorption technique was adopted for this work and adsorption parameters were optimized. The maximum efficiency of adsorption is obtained at 6.0 pH, 1 h of contact duration, the rice husk dosage is 2.5 g/L, and temperature of 30°C for 25 mg/L of Cr, Pb & Zn metal ion solutions. The Cr, Pb & Zn metal ions are removed up to 87.12 %, 88.63 % & 99.28 %, respectively, using the rice husk powder. The adsorption process follows the Temkin & D-R isotherm model. Elovich model was fitted against the kinetic data of metal ion adsorption. Based on the experimental observations, the rice husk powder can be considered as a low cost adsorbent for heavy metal ion removal from the industrial effluent.
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•This experimental study provides the details of the production of low cost adsorbent material from rice husk powder.•Adsorptive removal of Cr, Pb & Zn metal ions was investigated by batch mode.•The maximum adsorption efficiency of 87.12% for chromium, 88.63 % for lead and 99.28 % for zinc heavy metal ions was attained.•The maximum amount of desorption was attained by adding 0.2 N of HCl in the adsorbate material.
Carbon capturing is imperative to fight climate change as much carbon emissions are liberated into the atmosphere, leading to adversely negative environmental impacts. Today's world addresses all the ...issues with the aid of digital technologies like data pooling and artificial intelligence (AI). Accordingly, this study is articulated based on AI-assisted carbon capturing. Techniques including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and hybrid techniques being adopted in carbon capture are discussed. The role of AI tools, frameworks, and mathematical models are also discussed herein. Furthermore, the confluence of AI in carbon capture patent landscape is explored. This study would allow researchers to envision the growth of AI-assisted carbon capture in mitigating climate change and meeting SDG 13 - climate action.
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•The role of artificial intelligence technology to optimize CO2 capture is explored.•The capability of different machine learning algorithms during CO2 capture is deliberated.•Machine learning algorithms can optimize CO2 capture in real-time.•The scope of CO2 capture is envisaged through patent landscape analysis.•Challenges and future research directions of artificial intelligence-assisted CO2 capture are discussed.
Paravertebral Block for Thoracic Surgery D’Ercole, Francine; Arora, Harendra; Kumar, Priya A.
Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia,
April 2018, 2018-04-00, Letnik:
32, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Local anesthetic injected into a wedge-shaped space lateral to the spinal nerves as they emerge from the intervertebral foramina produces somatosensory and sympathetic nerve blockade effective for ...anesthesia and for managing pain of unilateral origin from the chest and abdomen. Paravertebral blockade (PVB) is versatile and may be applied unilaterally or bilaterally. Unlike thoracic epidural, the PVB technique may be used to avoid contralateral sympathectomy, thereby minimizing hypotension and leading to better preservation of blood pressure. There are no reports on systemic toxicity associated with bilateral PVB despite the need for relatively large doses of local anesthetics. This review includes an important historic background and captures the resurgence of PVB—an almost lost technique. Thoracic PVB provides post-thoracotomy pain relief comparable with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) with lower side effects supported by moderate-quality evidence. The feasibility and potential of bilateral thoracic PVB for bilateral thoracic surgery appear practical. However, there is existing controversy in the assumption that thoracic PVB is a satisfactory, safer alternative when anticoagulation status is a contraindication to thoracic epidural placement. During the last 2 decades of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, both TEA and PVB have been deemed appropriate in the management of thoracic surgery. A multimodal approach to analgesia includes regional techniques for thoracic surgery that may reduce the likelihood of the development of postoperative complications and chronic pain.
The authors evaluated current opinion, clinical practice, new multimodal adjuvants, regional anesthesia, and innovation and technology related PVB in the thoracic surgery patient population. The review focuses on history, techniques, application, ease of placement, and relative safety of this regional technique. For this review, studies and reference lists were retrieved from the Cochrane library, Embase, and Medline from January 1995 through January 2017.
Existing evidence demonstrates noninferiority of thoracic PVB compared with TEA for postoperative analgesia, with fewer side effects for unilateral and bilateral thoracic surgery, including video-assisted thoracoscopy. The determining factors in selecting the regional technique of choice include the following: (1) tolerance of side effects associated with TEA, (2) consensus on best practice or technique, and (3) operator experience. There is no consensus on the optimal approach for thoracic PVB technique or any standardization when comparing the landmark, ultrasound-guided, or stimulation-based PVB approaches. Moreover, the efficacy of TEA compared with PVB in preventing post-thoracotomy chronic pain syndrome has not been investigated thoroughly and requires future clinical trials.
