Integration of conventional mid to long‐wavelength infrared (IR) polarizers with chip‐scale platforms is restricted by their bulky size and complex fabrication. Van der Waals materials based ...polarizer can address these challenges due to its nonlithographic fabrication, ease of integration with chip‐scale platforms, and room temperature operation. In the present work, mid‐IR optical response of the sub‐wavelength thin films of α‐phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3 ) is investigated for application toward high temperature mid‐IR transmission and reflection type thin film polarizer. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of above room temperature mid‐IR optical response of α‐MoO3 to determine the thermal stability of the proposed device. It is found that the α‐MoO3 based polarizer retains high extinction ratio with peak value exceeding 10 dB, up to a temperature of 140 °C. The experimental findings are explained by natural in‐plane hyperbolic anisotropy of α‐MoO3 in the mid‐IR, high temperature X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic measurements. This work opens up new avenues for naturally in‐plane hyperbolic van der Waals thin‐films to realize sub‐wavelength IR optical components without lithographic constraints.
Mid and far‐infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is critical for thermal imaging, biosensing, and security, yet optical components in this range are not well developed. For the first time, a high temperature, lithography free mid‐infrared polarizer based on the natural biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal α‐MoO3 with robust performance over a broad operational bandwidth is demonstrated.
A BSTRACT Introduction: Complete eradication of microorganisms from the root canal and three-dimensional obturation of the canal space are necessary for a successful root canal therapy. In root canal ...failures, Enterococcus faecalis is the most often detected bacterium. Microorganisms can be eliminated with the aid of chemical irrigation. Objectives: The current research was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of triphala, neem, and chlorhexidine root canal irrigants. Materials and Method: Mueller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with the E. faecalis (ATCC) bacterial culture after it had been cultured overnight in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. Agar well diffusion was used to measure antibacterial inhibition. After being introduced to their appropriate wells in agar plates, the three research irrigants were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Every well’s bacterial inhibition zone was noted. After tabulating the results, statistical analysis was done. Result: When triphala and A. indica extract (neem) were added to chlorhexidine, the highest inhibitory zone against E. faecalis was observed. Conclusion: The herbal remedy triphala and the extract from A. indica exhibited an inhibitory zone when tested against E. faecalis . As a result, these irrigants might be utilized as a substitute for root canal irrigants.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is of great economic significance to porcine industry worldwide. PCV-2 variants and genotypes, alternating world over, are the etiological agent of several clinical ...syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and others in pigs. This study is reporting an atypical manifestation of PDNS in twelve grower pigs, 3- to - 4.5 months age and either sex, died of the disease, with predominant lesions of nephropathy and no obvious clinical lesions in skin. Necropsy examination of pigs showed lesions of petechial -to- ecchymotic hemorrhages in the kidneys and in the right auricular musculature of the hearts. Microscopic lesions in H & E sections of the kidneys showed acute glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and vasculitis, but the skin morphology and architecture remained unaltered in contrast to the pathognomonic lesions of PDNS described in the literature. Other syndromic associations of PDNS in these cases included-perimyocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, depleted lymphoid tissues, tonsillitis, enteritis, and meningo-encephalitis. The lesional sites in duplicate paraffin tissue sections of kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, intestine, and brain demonstrated PCV-2 antigen in the cytoplasm of cells as highlighted by the intense immunolabeling on IHC staining. The PCV-2 positive organs reconfirmed by PCR, targeting ORF2 gene, which yielded 481bp size of products. The sequencing results of 481bp products on phylogenetic analysis showed 94% similarity with that of PCV-2 sequences in the database that grouped into PCV2d-2 genotype. The present report confirms, probably for the first time, the atypical PDNS cases due to PCV2d-2 genotype in naturally affected grower pigs of India.
•The study describes the mortality in grower pigs due to an atypical form of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS).•Erythematous lesions of varying intensity were noted in kidneys and the heart, but not in the skin of the pigs.•The microscopic lesions of diffuse, necrotizing granulomatous glomerulonephritis. and similar types of necrotizing inflammatory lesions in other organs were noted.•Strong immunolabeling of PCV-2 antigen at the sites of histopathological lesions confirmed the association of PCV-2 with PDNS.•Phylogenetic analysis revealed the PCV2d-2 genotype.
An attempt has been made to study the Myxovirus resistant (Mx1) gene polymorphism in Japanese quail.
In the present, investigation four fragments viz. Fragment I of 185 bp (Exon 3 region), Fragment ...II of 148 bp (Exon 5 region), Fragment III of 161 bp (Exon 7 region), and Fragment IV of 176 bp (Exon 13 region) of Mx1 gene were amplified and screened for polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism technique in 170 Japanese quail birds.
Out of the four fragments, one fragment (Fragment II) was found to be polymorphic. Remaining three fragments (Fragment I, III, and IV) were found to be monomorphic which was confirmed by custom sequencing. Overall nucleotide sequence analysis of Mx1 gene of Japanese quail showed 100% homology with common quail and more than 80% homology with reported sequence of chicken breeds.
The Mx1 gene is mostly conserved in Japanese quail. There is an urgent need of comprehensive analysis of other regions of Mx1 gene along with its possible association with the traits of economic importance in Japanese quail.
Introduction: Hyperglycemia is common in low birth weight and sick neonates which affect them adversely due to hyperosmolarity. As these neonates need often referral to higher setup, maintenance of ...euglycemia during transport should be emphasized. Objective: To know the prevalence of hyperglycemia on admission among outborn neonates and analyze the association of different transport variables and other clinical parameters with it. Methods: An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was designed and conducted on outborn neonates, enrolled by simple consecutive sampling from November 2014 to October 2016. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and Microsoft Excel version 16 software. Results: Out of 394 outborn neonates, 33.75% were hyperglycemic. 76.4% newborns were transported by ambulance, 94.9% were stabilized before referral, 61.2% had accompanying paramedics, 86.5% neonates given intravenous fluid (IVF) during transport, 61.4% transported by moderately equipped, and 38.6% by poorly equipped vehicle. Admission hyperglycemia was significantly associated with variables such as gestational age, birth asphyxia, type of transport vehicle, duration of transport, IVF during transport, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and neonatal jaundice with p<0.05. Logistic regression model taking variable which shows a strong association, we can predict 70.3% time correctly the hyperglycemia on admission. Conclusion: Prevalence of hyperglycemia found to be quite common in referred neonates. Although there is quite improvement in neonatal transport due to the implementation of various government transport schemes for patients, specialized neonatal transport service with accompanied skill personnel and care during transport is a long way to go.
We aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathology, and characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) in slaughtered pigs of India.
We collected 1254 morbid tissues ...(lungs-627 and spleen-627) and 627 heart-blood from 627 slaughtered pigs. The bacterial isolation, antibiogram, virulence gene profiling, and mouse pathogenicity testing were performed for the detection and characterization of SDSE. A total of 177 isolates (heart-blood-160 and tissues-17) were recovered from 627 slaughtered pigs with higher isolation rate in heart-blood (25.51%). The prevalence of SDSE was 11% in morbid tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Majority of isolates showed higher detection of streptolysin O, followed by streptokinase and extracellular phospholipase A virulence genes with higher degree of resistance to azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin antibiotics. Mouse pathogenicity testing confirmed virulence based on histopathological lesions and re-isolation of SDSE.
Our findings highlight the high prevalence of SDSE in slaughtered pigs. The presence of virulence genes and mouse pathogenicity testing confirm their pathogenic potential.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals. The disease is endemic in India and other developing ...countries of the world. The disease is mainly characterized by the presence of vesicular lesions and “tigroid heart” in calves. The current report describes the novel pathologic findings along with the distribution of FMDV antigens in brain of young calves naturally infected with FMDV. The carcasses of 37 calves suspected to have died from FMD were presented for postmortem investigation. Out of 37 dead calves, 10 calves showed the clinical signs of neurological abnormalities like opisthotonos, muscle twitching and tremor in hind limbs, stiffening of the neck followed by death. Microscopically, the meninges were congested, hemorrhagic, and infiltrated with mononuclear cells. The various sub anatomical sites of the brain showed the varying degrees of vascular changes, perivascular cuffing, focal to diffuse gliosis as well as degeneration and neuronal necrosis, indicating the nonsuppurative encephalitis. The immunolabeling of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in the neurons, inflammatory cells, and microglial cells besides its typical locations. The neurons of the brain also showed strong immunopositivity for caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 and negative for Bcl-2 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting indicating the role of caspase mediated intrinsic, and p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. Further, the TUNEL assay also confirmed the apoptosis in the neurons and glial cells of the brain of naturally infected calves. This study in calves establishes a basis for resemblance to other members of Picornaviruses, such as Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus of humans and showing the neuropathological alterations along with the distribution of FMDV antigens associated with apoptosis in younger calves.
•FMDV exhibits CNS affections besides vesicular lesions and myocarditis.•Meningoencephalitis, immunolocalization of FMDV antigens along with the molecular detection in the brain confirms the neurotropism of FMDV.•FMDV shares similar mechanistic of actions of EV-71 & Coxsackievirus of humans.•Caspase mediated intrinsic pathway and p53 dependent pathways play role in FMDV mediated neuronal apoptosis.
Most of the urban heat island (UHI) studies are carried out in densely populated cities but core industrial areas are also potential sites of heat island effect despite having a comparatively lower ...population. In the present study, heat island assessment has been carried out for Angul-Talcher industrial area (ATIA) which is one of the oldest industrial areas of India and is still undergoing a transformation to accommodate more industries and mining operations. As the major contributors towards influencing local meteorology were expected to be industrial (and mining) activities, the heat island was studied as “industrial heat island” (IHI) rather than urban heat island. Industrial and mining sites were the most frequent nighttime canopy-layer heat island intensity (HIN) hotspots due to anthropogenic heat of associated industrial processes as well as built structures. During the daytime, croplands experienced the most frequent canopy-layer HIN hotspots which could be attributed to low moisture of the soils during the non-farming period of the field campaign. Hourly maximum atmospheric heat island intensities were observed in the range of 7–9 °C. Monthly maximum HINs ranged from 2.97 to 4.04 °C while 3-month mean HINs varied from 1.45 to 2.74 °C. Amongst different land use/land cover classes, the highest mean canopy-layer heat island intensity for the entire 3-month-long duration of field campaign during nighttime was assessed at the mining sites (3-month mean 2.74 °C) followed in decreasing order by the industrial sites (2.52 °C), rural and urban settlements (2.13 °C), and croplands (2.06 °C). Corresponding daytime canopy-layer heat island intensity was highest for the croplands (2.07 °C) followed in decreasing order by the mining sites (1.70 °C), rural and urban settlements (1.68 °C), and industry (1.45 °C).
Pregnancy is a remarkable event where the semi-allogeneic fetus develops in the mother’s uterus, despite genetic and immunological differences. The antigen handling and processing at the ...maternal–fetal interface during pregnancy appear to be crucial for the adaptation of the maternal immune system and for tolerance to the developing fetus and placenta. Maternal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are present at the maternal–fetal interface throughout pregnancy and are believed to play a crucial role in this process. Despite numerous studies focusing on the significance of Mφs, there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of DCs in fetomaternal tolerance during pregnancy, making it a relatively new and growing field of research. This review focuses on how the behavior of DCs at the maternal–fetal interface adapts to pregnancy’s unique demands. Moreover, it discusses how DCs interact with other cells in the decidual leukocyte network to regulate uterine and placental homeostasis and the local maternal immune responses to the fetus. The review particularly examines the different cell lineages of DCs with specific surface markers, which have not been critically reviewed in previous publications. Additionally, it emphasizes the impact that even minor disruptions in DC functions can have on pregnancy-related complications and proposes further research into the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting DCs to manage these complications.
Determination of factors affecting sex ratio is important while considering application of sex ratio enrichment approach. Present study aimed to design a SYBR Green qPCR‐based method for measurement ...of primary sex ratio and to evaluate different factors (genetic group, sire, spermiogenic cycle and processing layer) affecting boar sperm sex ratio. The qPCR was based on relative copy number analysis of sex chromosome‐specific single copy gene fragments with an autosomal gene as reference and was evaluated using DNA dilution series from pigs with numerically normal karyotype. The sex ratio was estimated from genomic DNA samples isolated from boar semen collected from different genetic groups at different time points and different processing layers. The X chromosome frequencies of semen samples revealed significant effect of genetic group. However, significant variation was observed neither within same genetic group nor between ejaculates of different spermatogenic cycles. Among the processing techniques studied, swim‐up technique produced a significant X sperm enrichment in comparison to control whereas, Percoll density gradient failed to show any significant difference among layers. The lower layer in swim‐up technique was found to contain higher proportion of X sperms. The designed qPCR is found to be an easy, less time‐consuming method and does not require high end laboratory facilities or the specialized expertise. The lower layer of swim‐up processing has a scope for X sperm enrichment in boar semen with proper validation.
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