We describe a case of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Seoul virus in a woman in Scotland, UK. Whole-genome sequencing showed the virus belonged to a lineage characterized by recent ...international expansion, probably driven by trade in pet rats.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We examined the emergence of CXCR4 (i.e., X4) tropism in 67 male human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconverters from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) who were selected to reflect ...the full spectrum of rates of HIV-1 disease progression. A mean of 10 serial samples per donor were evaluated by a laboratory-validated, commercially available assay to determine phenotypic coreceptor use.Atotal of 52% of men had dual- or mixed-tropic HIV-1 detected at 1 or more of the time points tested. Use of X4 by HIV-1 was detected more frequently among men who developed AIDS (defined as a CD4+ T cell count of <200 cells/µL and/or an AIDS-defining illness) ⩽11 years after seroconversion thanamongthosewhodid not (P = .005), as well asamong men who exhibited a total T cell count decline (i.e., a CD3+ inflection point), compared with those who did not (P = .03). Formen in whom both X4 virus and an inflection point were detected, emergence of X4 virus preceded the inflection point by a median of 0.83 years. The median CD4+ T cell count at first detection of X4 viruses before the onset of AIDS was 475 cells/µL. We conclude that HIV-1 variants that used X4 frequently emerged at high CD4+ T cell counts and may contribute to the decrease in T cell numbers during late HIV-1 infection.
A 67-year-old white man with a history of right orbital trauma and restrictive strabismus underwent right superior oblique tenectomy for superior oblique restriction. Bleeding was noted from the ...superior rectus intraoperatively, despite the fact that the muscle was neither exposed nor hooked for the procedure. Subsequent exploration of the muscle revealed a full-width tear across the superior rectus muscle approximately 5 mm posterior to its insertion. The remaining residual distal muscle was removed from the insertion and the proximal end of the torn superior rectus muscle was identified and reattached to the insertion. We postulate that shearing forces exerted by a taut superior oblique tendon were sufficient to tear the overlying superior rectus muscle.
We here develop a fully quantum embedded version of initiator full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo (i–FCIQMC) and apply it to study an ionic bond (lithium hydride, LiH) and a covalent ...bond (hydrogen flouride, HF) physisorbed to a benzene molecule. The embedding is performed using a recently developed Huzinaga projection operator approach, which affords good synergy with i–FCIQMC by minimizing the number of orbitals in the calculation. When considering the dissociation energy of these bonds into closed-shell ionic fragments, we find that i−FCIQMC embedded in density functional theory (i−FCIQMC-in-DFT) delivers comparable accuracy with coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples embedded in density functional theory (CCSD(T)-in-DFT). In treating the bond dissociation energy curve of HF, i–FCIQMC-in-DFT has improved accuracy over CCSD(T)-in-DFT due to the presence of strong correlation. We discuss the implications of the new i–FCIQMC-in-DFT method as applied to bond breaking in catalysis.
To determine how the intrinsic severity of successively dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants changed over the course of the pandemic.
A retrospective cohort analysis in the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHS ...GGC) Health Board. All sequenced non-nosocomial adult COVID-19 cases in NHS GGC with relevant SARS-CoV-2 lineages (B.1.177/Alpha, Alpha/Delta, AY.4.2 Delta/non-AY.4.2 Delta, non-AY.4.2 Delta/Omicron, and BA.1 Omicron/BA.2 Omicron) during analysis periods were included. Outcome measures were hospital admission, ICU admission, or death within 28 days of positive COVID-19 test. We report the cumulative odds ratio; the ratio of the odds that an individual experiences a severity event of a given level vs all lower severity levels for the resident and the replacement variant after adjustment.
After adjustment for covariates, the cumulative odds ratio was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.08–2.11) for Alpha versus B.1.177, 2.09 (95% CI: 1.42–3.08) for Delta versus Alpha, 0.99 (95% CI: 0.76–1.27) for AY.4.2 Delta versus non-AY.4.2 Delta, 0.49 (95% CI: 0.22–1.06) for Omicron versus non-AY.4.2 Delta, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.68–1.09) for BA.2 Omicron versus BA.1 Omicron.
The direction of change in intrinsic severity between successively emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants was inconsistent, reminding us that the intrinsic severity of future SARS-CoV-2 variants remains uncertain.
•Dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants showed higher and lower severity than their precursors.•Conclusions are unchanged when a more stringent severity classifications are used.•The historical trend suggests more intrinsically severe variants arising is plausible.
A national map of pasture productivity, in terms of mass of dry matter yield per unit area and time, enables evaluation of regional and local land-use suitability. Difficulty in measuring this ...quantity at scale directed this research, which utilises four years of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and collected pasture yield measurements to develop a model of pasture productivity. The model uses a Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with spatio-temporal segmentation and averaging, to estimate mean annual pasture productivity across all of New Zealand’s grasslands with a standard error of prediction of 2.2 t/ha/y. Regional aggregates of pasture yield demonstrate expected spatial variations. The pasture productivity map may be used to classify grasslands objectively into stratified levels of production on a national scale. Due to its ability to highlight areas of land use intensification suitability, the national map of pasture productivity is of value to landowners, land users, and environmental scientists.
The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study demonstrated a significant reduction in coronary events after 5 years of treatment with pravastatin as compared with placebo. Participants were followed ...for an additional 10 years; approximately one third used statins. The rate of coronary events was reduced by 27% over the entire follow-up interval.
This long-term follow-up of patients treated with pravastatin showed that the rate of coronary events was reduced by 27% over the entire follow-up interval.
The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin (Pravachol, Bristol-Myers Squibb) in middle-aged men without a history of myocardial infarction.
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After an average of approximately 5 years, the combined outcome of death from definite coronary heart disease or definite nonfatal myocardial infarction was reduced from 7.9% in the placebo group to 5.5% in the pravastatin group (P<0.001), and the risk of death from definite or suspected coronary heart disease was reduced from 1.9% to 1.3% (P=0.04). There was a trend toward a reduction in . . .
Background. Newly infected subjects acquire a limited number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants with specific genotypic and phenotypic features from the array of viruses present ...in a chronically infected transmitting partner. Methods. We examined HIV-1 envelope sequences from the earliest available serum sample after HIV-1 acquisition in 13 newly infected subjects and from their epidemiologically linked HIV-1-infected heterosexual partner. Samples from both members were collected on the same day in the Rakai Community Cohort Study. Result. Ten couples were infected with subtype D HIV-1, and 3 pairs had subtype A HIV-1. Newly infected subjects acquired a subset of the viruses that were circulating in the transmitting partner; transmitted variants had less diversity and divergence and were more closely related to the ancestral sequences. The majority of signature amino acid differences among donor and recipient sequences were in and immediately following the V3 loop. Envelopes from recipients were significantly shorter and had a lower V3 charge than envelopes from donors, but there was no significant difference in the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Conclusion. A minority subset of HIV-1 variants with signature genotypes is favored for transmission in this population.
Using a combination of experimental and computational investigations, we assemble a consistent mechanistic model for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at molecularly well-defined ...graphite-conjugated catalyst (GCC) active sites featuring aryl-pyridinium moieties (N + -GCC). ORR catalysis at glassy carbon surfaces modified with N + -GCC fragments displays near-first-order dependence in O2 partial pressure and near-zero-order dependence on electrolyte pH. Tafel analysis suggests an equilibrium one-electron transfer process followed by a rate-limiting chemical step at modest overpotentials that transitions to a rate-limiting electron transfer sequence at higher overpotentials. Finite-cluster computational modeling of the N + -GCC active site reveals preferential O2 adsorption at electrophilic carbons alpha to the pyridinium moiety. Together, the experimental and computational data indicate that ORR proceeds via a proton-decoupled O2 activation sequence involving either concerted or stepwise electron transfer and adsorption of O2, which is then followed by a series of electron/proton transfer steps to generate water and turn over the catalytic cycle. The proposed mechanistic model serves as a roadmap for the bottom-up synthesis of highly active N-doped carbon ORR catalysts.
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