This paper examines the experiences of two elementary teachers’ implementation of mathematical modeling in their classrooms and how the enactment by the teachers and the engagement by students ...exhibited their creativity, critical thinking, collaboration and communication skills. In particular, we explore the questions: (1) How can phases of mathematical modeling as a process serve as a venue for exhibiting students’ critical 21st century skills? (2) What were some effective pedagogical practices teachers used as they implemented mathematical modeling with elementary students and how did these promote students’ 21st century skills? We propose that mathematical modeling provides space for teachers and students to have a collective experience through the iterative process of making sense of and building knowledge of important mathematical ideas while engaging in the critical 21st century skills necessary in our complex modern world.
All individuals have multiple views of themselves. Whereas the consistency among the different aspects of identity is emphasized in Western cultures, the "multiple selves" are often viewed as ...coexisting realities in East Asian cultures. This research revisits the classic thesis in psychology that identity consistency is a prerequisite condition of psychological well-being. Between individuals (Study 1), people with a more consistent self-view had a more clear self-knowledge, were more assertive, and, most notably, had self-experiences that were less affected by the perspectives of others. Compared with North American participants (Study 2), Koreans viewed themselves more flexibly across situations, and their subjective well-being was less predictable from levels of identity consistency. Also, consistent individuals received positive social evaluations from others in the United States but not in Korea.
Background and Purpose
Pain is common in post‐stroke patients and has been shown to be associated with depression, fatigue, and decreased quality of life (QOL). However, studies examining different ...types of post‐stroke pain are scarce. We investigated differences in the related factors and their QOL impacts between musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and central post‐stroke pain (CPSP).
Methods
We assessed 364 consecutive stroke patients who were admitted to Asan Medical Center and contacted 12 months after stroke onset. We categorized pain and paresthesia as MSP, CPSP, combined pain, or other pain. Post‐stroke depression (Beck Depression Inventory), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), sleep disturbance (Verran Snyder‐Halpern scale), social support (ENRICHED Social Support Instrument), and QOL (Medical Outcome Study 36‐Item Short Form) were assessed.
Results
Of the 364 patients analyzed, 135 (37.1%) had pain, 78 (21.4%) had MSP, 22 (6.0%) had CPSP, 16 (4.4%) had combined pain, and 19 (5.2%) had other pain. In multivariate analyses, CPSP was related to modified Rankin scale (P=.004), sensory dysfunction (P<.001), thalamus lesion (P=.001), medulla lesion (P=.007), and fatigue (P=.026). MSP was related to motor dysfunction (P<.001) and fatigue (P=.003). QOL varied among groups with different types of pain (P<.001) and was the poorest in patients with combined pain.
Conclusions
Pain is common 12 months post‐stroke. The factors associated with CPSP and MSP differ, but are both closely associated with fatigue rather than depression. QOL is the poorest in patients with combined pain. Management of pain and fatigue may be important for improving the QOL in stroke patients.
INTRODUCTIONRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used as a potential treatment for tinnitus; however, its effectiveness is variable and unpredictable. We hypothesized that ...resting-state functional connectivity before rTMS may be correlated with rTMS treatment effectiveness. METHODSWe applied 1-Hz rTMS to the left primary auditory (A1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) of 10 individuals with tinnitus and 10 age-matched controls. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were performed approximately one week before rTMS. Seed-based connectivity analyses were conducted for each individual, with seed regions as rTMS target areas. RESULTSCompared to controls, the left superior temporal areas showed significantly increased positive connectivity with the left A1 and negative connectivity with the left DLPFC in the tinnitus group. The left frontoparietal and right cerebellar areas showed significantly increased negative connectivity with the left A1 and positive connectivity with the left DLPFC. Seed-based hyperconnectivity was correlated with tinnitus improvement (pre-rTMS vs. 2-week post-rTMS Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores). Tinnitus improvement was significantly correlated with left A1 hyperconnectivity; however, no correlation was observed with left DLPFC connectivity. Positive rTMS outcomes were associated with significantly increased positive connectivity in bilateral superior temporal areas and significantly increased negative connectivity in bilateral frontal areas. CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that oversynchronisation of left A1 connectivity before rTMS of the left A1 and DLPFC is associated with treatment effectiveness.
We demonstrate a selective atomic layer deposition of TiO2 thin films on patterned alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers. Microcontact printing was done to prepare patterned monolayers of the ...alkylsiloxane on Si substrates. The patterned monolayers define and direct the selective deposition of the TiO2 thin film using atomic layer deposition. The selective atomic layer deposition is based on the fact that the TiO2 thin film is selectively deposited only on the regions exposing the silanol groups of the Si substrates because the regions covered with the alkylsiloxane monolayers do not have any functional group to react with precursors.
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are pluripotent cell lines established from the explanted inner cell mass of human blastocysts. Despite their importance for human embryology and regenerative ...medicine, studies on hES cells, unlike those on mouse ES (mES) cells, have been hampered by difficulties in culture and by scant knowledge concerning the regulatory mechanism. Recent evidence from plants and animals indicates small RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides (nt), collectively named microRNAs, play important roles in developmental regulation. Here we describe 36 miRNAs (from 32 stem-loops) identified by cDNA cloning in hES cells. Importantly, most of the newly cloned miRNAs are specifically expressed in hES cells and downregulated during development into embryoid bodies (EBs), while miRNAs previously reported from other human cell types are poorly expressed in hES cells. We further show that some of the ES-specific miRNA genes are highly related to each other, organized as clusters, and transcribed as polycistronic primary transcripts. These miRNA gene families have murine homologues that have similar genomic organizations and expression patterns, suggesting that they may operate key regulatory networks conserved in mammalian pluripotent stem cells. The newly identified hES-specific miRNAs may also serve as molecular markers for the early embryonic stage and for undifferentiated hES cells.
Abstract In mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the fiber tracts that connect the frontal cortex with the cerebellum may suffer shear damage, leading to attention deficits and performance ...variability. This damage also disrupts the enhancement of eye-target synchronization that can be affected by cognitive load when subjects are tested using a concurrent eye-tracking test and word-recall test. We investigated the effect of cognitive load on eye-target synchronization in normal and mTBI patients using the nonlinear dynamical technique of stochastic phase synchronization. Results demonstrate that eye-target synchronization was negatively affected by cognitive load in mTBI subjects. In contrast, eye-target synchronization improved under intermediate cognitive load in young (≤ 40 years old) normal subjects.
To investigate patterns of progression of localized retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defect on red-free fundus photographs and to quantify extents of progression in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) ...patients.
Sixty-five eyes of consecutive 65 NTG patients who had shown progression of localized RNFL defect on serial red-free fundus photographs were selected for this study. Patterns of progression of localized RNFL defect on red-free fundus photographs were categorized and extents of progression were quantified. Serial assessments of disc stereophotographs and visual fields were also performed to detect progression.
The most common pattern of progression was widening of the defect towards the macula (n=37; 56.9%) followed by deepening of the defect (n=25; 38.5%), appearance of a new defect (n=6; 9.2%), and widening of the defect away from the macula (n=5; 7.7%). Eight eyes simultaneously showed two patterns of progression. Mean angular widening of the defect towards the macula and away from the macula was 6.4+/-4.1 degrees (range: 1.1-17.1 degrees , n=37) and 3.4+/-2.1 degrees (range: 1.1-5.2 degrees , n=5), respectively. No progression was observed on the disc stereophotographs (n=65) or in the visual fields (n=55) in 64 eyes (98.5%) and 46 eyes (83.6%), respectively.
There were four patterns of progression of localized RNFL defect. In most cases, RNFL loss proceeded temporally.
Although the need for social connection is fundamental, people approach this need through different strategies. Drawing from life history theory, the current research explored whether individuals' ...early-life experiences are associated with narrow/deep (depth), or broad/shallow (breadth) approach to social relationships. Three studies revealed that participants' childhood socioeconomic status (SES) interacts with perception of economic instability to create diverging preferences in social relationship pattern. Specifically, when economic instability was salient (chronic belief, Study 1; experimentally primed, Studies 2 and 3), individuals from lower-SES childhood preferred a narrower and deeper social network, whereas those from higher-SES childhood preferred a broader and shallower network. Taken together, the present research offers a novel understanding of depth- versus breadth-focused approach to social relationships from the perspective of life history theory.
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