Summary
Zagros oak (Quercus spp.) forests (ZOF) cover approximately 4 million hectares of the Zagros Mountains in Iran. Oak charcoal disease caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica ...has recently increased in some regions of ZOF. Detection of these fungi in host tissue and identification of the anamorphs by traditional methods have limitations and difficulties which were overcome using two primers, OP1 and OP2, based on rDNA sequences of O. persica and used along with the specific primers MED1 and MED2 for B. mediterranea to develop a multiplex PCR. This method was used to correctly identify 1 pg of fungal DNA per 1 mg of inner bark tissues of Quercus brantii, Q. infectoria and Q. libani.
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, is a major problem confronting greenhouse’s productions, field crops, vegetables, grapevines and almond rootstocks in Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematicides ...are not affordable to control this nematode. In the search for alternatives to chemicals control of nematodes, this research has dealt with nematicidal effects of crude herbal extracts on the root-knot nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 21 endemic and exotic herbal extracts belong to 12 families of flowering plants in comparison with chicken manure and chemical nematicide (Temik) to control root-knot nematodes in in vitro conditions. The nematodes were pured and mass multiplied on tomato in the soil at greenhouse conditions. In order to study the effect of herbal extracts on mortality of second-stage juveniles (J ₂), a 6 mL of each extract was poured in sterilised Petri dish and 54 ± 4 juveniles were added. Distilled water was used as control and treatments replicated four times and incubated at ambient temperature. The LC ₅₀ value of each extract was determined by assessing the mortality of juveniles (in the range of 5–95%) after 24, 48 and 72 h. Comparison between LC ₅₀ value of the extracts indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eugenia caryophillata are the most effective crude extracts on the mortality of juveniles and they were 15.4 and 17.9 mg mL ⁻¹, respectively. Meanwhile, the extract of tobacco, ferulago, garlic, eucalyptus, persan lilac, rattle, oliveria, licorice, russian knapweed, turnsole, sicilian sumac and chicken manure did not have any antinematode activity against fresh second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode.
To date, the sharing behaviors associated with the homemade tobacco waterpipe used in rural areas of the Western Pacific Region have not been studied. Evidence from studies of manufactured waterpipes ...raises the possibility of infectious disease transmission due to waterpipe sharing. The objective of our pilot study in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) was to identify and measure the prevalence of waterpipe sharing behaviors. We first conducted ethnographic studies to investigate waterpipe-smoking behaviors. These findings were then used to develop an interviewer-administered household survey that was used in a sampling of waterpipe smokers from three villages of the Luang Namtha province of Lao PDR (n = 43). Sampled waterpipe smokers were predominantly male (90.7%), older (mean age 49, SD 13.79), married (95.4%), farmers (78.6%), and had completed no primary education. Pipes were primarily made from bamboo (92.9%). Almost all (97.6%) smokers were willing to share their pipe with others. At the last time they smoked, smokers shared a pipe with at least one other person (1.2 ± 0.5 persons). During the past week, they had shared a pipe with five other persons (5.2 ± 3.8 persons). The high prevalence of sharing behaviors among waterpipe smokers in rural Southeast Asia raises the possibility that this behavior provides important and unmeasured social network pathways for the transmission of infectious agents.
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, is a major problem confronting greenhouse's productions, field crops, vegetables, grapevines and almond rootstocks in Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematicides ...are not affordable to control this nematode. In the search for alternatives to chemicals control of nematodes, this research has dealt with nematicidal effects of crude herbal extracts on the root-knot nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 21 endemic and exotic herbal extracts belong to 12 families of flowering plants in comparison with chicken manure and chemical nematicide (Temik) to control root-knot nematodes in in vitro conditions. The nematodes were pured and mass multiplied on tomato in the soil at greenhouse conditions. In order to study the effect of herbal extracts on mortality of second-stage juveniles (J sub(2)), a 6 mL of each extract was poured in sterilised Petri dish and 54 plus or minus 4 juveniles were added. Distilled water was used as control and treatments replicated four times and incubated at ambient temperature. The LC sub(50) value of each extract was determined by assessing the mortality of juveniles (in the range of 5-95%) after 24, 48 and 72 h. Comparison between LC sub(50) value of the extracts indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eugenia caryophillata are the most effective crude extracts on the mortality of juveniles and they were 15.4 and 17.9 mg mL super(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, the extract of tobacco, ferulago, garlic, eucalyptus, persan lilac, rattle, oliveria, licorice, russian knapweed, turnsole, sicilian sumac and chicken manure did not have any antinematode activity against fresh second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode.
Abstract Introduction Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a unique meningocerebral glioma with relatively favorable prognosis. PXA also possess a variant with anaplastic features (aPXA) that is ...associated with poor outcomes. To date, few studies have examined the clinico-pathologic importance of these anaplastic features. Methods From 1999 to 2012, 8 patients with aPXA were treated at the University of California, San Francisco. Cases were re-confirmed by neuropathology, and clinical information regarding patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment outcomes were assembled. Tumors were classified as aPXA according to the WHO diagnostic criteria established in 2007. Results There were 5 female and 3 male patients in our cohort, ranging in age from 4 to 74 years at initial diagnosis. Seizure was the most common presenting symptom (44%), and the majority of tumors arose in the frontal or temporal lobes (89%). Six patients received subtotal resection (STR), and all suffered from progression despite adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Median time to progression was 20 months, with a 1 year progression-free survival rate of 57%. Three aPXA patients expired with a median survival of 87 months. Four patients developed disseminated disease. Three of 8 (38%) showed BRAFv600 mutation. Conclusion aPXA is associated with poorer clinical outcomes compared to PXA. Gross total resection should be the goal of initial treatment. It remains unclear whether adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are able to prevent progression or dissemination. Long-term monitoring of all patients is a critical step in management due to the potential for tumors to transform into higher grade lesions.
Experimental models suggest that prone position and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) homogenize ventral-dorsal ventilation distribution and regional respiratory compliance. However, this ...response still needs confirmation on humans. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the changes in global and regional respiratory mechanics in supine and prone positions over a range of PEEP levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients.
A prospective cohort study.
Twenty-two intubated patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 pneumonia.
Electrical impedance tomography and esophageal manometry were applied during PEEP titrations from 20 cm H
O to 6 cm H
O in supine and prone positions.
Global respiratory system compliance (Crs), chest wall compliance, regional lung compliance, ventilation distribution in supine and prone positions.
Compared with supine position, the maximum level of Crs changed after prone position in 59% of ARDS patients (
= 13), of which the Crs decreased in 32% (
= 7) and increased in 27% (
= 6). To reach maximum Crs after pronation, PEEP was changed in 45% of the patients by at least 4 cm H
O. After pronation, the ventilation and compliance of the dorsal region did not consistently change in the entire sample of patients, increasing specifically in a subgroup of patients who showed a positive change in Crs when transitioning from supine to prone position. These combined changes in ventilation and compliance suggest dorsal recruitment postpronation. In addition, the subgroup with increased Crs postpronation demonstrated the most pronounced difference between dorsal and ventral ventilation distribution from supine to prone position (
= 0.01), indicating heterogeneous ventilation distribution in prone position.
Prone position modifies global respiratory compliance in most patients with ARDS. Only a subgroup of patients with a positive change in Crs postpronation presented a consistent improvement in dorsal ventilation and compliance. These data suggest that the response to pronation on global and regional mechanics can vary among ARDS patients, with some patients presenting more dorsal lung recruitment than others.
In order to diagnose form species of Bipolaris involving root and crown rot of wheat plants and determine their distribution, frequency and disease severity, 410 wheat fields (W. Fs.) in different ...regions of Kermanshah province were sampled at seedling, tillering and heading stages during three crop years (1997– 2000). Also 90 W. Fs. (30 per year) in different regions of the province were chosen randomly to estimate percentage of infected wheat plants. For the isolation of the fungi from tissues of root, subcrown internodes, crown and foot, the tissues were surface sterilized and placed on culture media. The results showed that there were some root and crown rots in the most regions of the province and the percentage of diseased plants was 0-24%, whose average was 3.2%. Forty three isolates belonging to form genus Bipolaris were isolated including form species B. sorokinina, B. cynodontis and B. spicifera. All three form species were pathogenic under greenhouse conditions. Disease severity and frequency of B. sorokinina were more than the others. Disease severity of B. cynodontis and B. spicifera was the same and their differences compared with the control were significant.
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