To evaluate the impact of comorbid depressive symptoms and/or stress on adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in individuals with diabetes compared with those without diabetes.
Investigators examined ...the relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and/or stress in adults with and without diabetes and physician-adjudicated incident CV outcomes including stroke, myocardial infarction/acute coronary heart disease, and CV death over a median follow-up of 5.95 years in the national REGARDS cohort study.
Subjects included 22,003 adults (4,090 with diabetes) (mean age 64 years, 58% female, 42% black, and 56% living in the southeastern "Stroke Belt"). Elevated stress and/or depressive symptoms were more common in subjects with diabetes (36.8% vs. 29.5%; P < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, reporting either elevated stress or depressive symptoms was associated with a significantly increased incidence of stroke (HR 1.57 95% CI 1.05, 2.33 vs. 1.01 0.79, 1.30) and CV death (1.53 1.08, 2.17 vs. 1.12 0.90, 1.38) in subjects with diabetes but not in those without diabetes. The combination of both elevated stress and depressive symptoms in subjects with diabetes was associated with a higher incidence of CV death (2.15 1.33, 3.47) than either behavioral comorbidity alone (1.53 1.08, 2.17) and higher than in those with both elevated stress and depressive symptoms but without diabetes (1.27 0.86, 1.88).
Comorbid stress and/or depressive symptoms are common in individuals with diabetes and together are associated with progressively increased risks for adverse CV outcomes.
BACKGROUND—The association of overall diet, as characterized by dietary patterns, with risk of incident acute coronary heart disease (CHD) has not been studied extensively in samples including ...sociodemographic and regional diversity.
METHODS AND RESULTS—We used data from 17 418 participants in Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), a national, population-based, longitudinal study of white and black adults aged ≥45 years, enrolled from 2003 to 2007. We derived dietary patterns with factor analysis and used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine hazard of incident acute CHD events – nonfatal myocardial infarction and acute CHD death – associated with quartiles of consumption of each pattern, adjusted for various levels of covariates. Five primary dietary patterns emergedConvenience, Plant-based, Sweets, Southern, and Alcohol and Salad. A total of 536 acute CHD events occurred over a median (interquartile range) 5.8 (2.1) years of follow-up. After adjustment for sociodemographics, lifestyle factors, and energy intake, highest consumers of the Southern pattern (characterized by added fats, fried food, eggs, organ and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages) experienced a 56% higher hazard of acute CHD (comparing quartile 4 with quartile 1hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–2.08; P for trend across quartiles=0.003). Adding anthropometric and medical history variables to the model attenuated the association somewhat (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.85; P=0.036).
CONCLUSIONS—A dietary pattern characteristic of the southern United States was associated with greater hazard of CHD in this sample of white and black adults in diverse regions of the United States.
Older adults see multiple outpatient providers and increasingly use home health care (HHC) services. Previous studies attempting to draw inferences about the association between HHC use and patient ...outcomes have been mixed. Whether HHC is associated with care coordination and how both influence outcomes are unknown. In addition, prior studies have not taken the patient perspective into account. We examined the association between receiving HHC and self-reported gaps in care coordination and separately, preventable adverse outcomes.
The analysis for this cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2021 and June 2022, using data on 4296 Medicare beneficiaries from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who completed a survey on care coordination from 2017 to 2018. The associations between the receipt of HHC and two outcomes (a gap in care coordination, and separately, a preventable adverse event) were examined with Poisson models with robust standard errors. Potential confounders were accounted for through propensity score-based inverse probability weighting.
Among 4296 participants, 430 (10%) received HHC and they were older and had more comorbidities and ambulatory visits than those without HHC. HHC was not associated with differences in self-reported gaps in care coordination (33.3% HHC vs. 32.5% no-HHC, p = 0.70). HHC recipients reported more preventable drug-drug interactions (9.1% vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001) but not more preventable ED visits or hospital admissions. In IPW-adjusted models, HHC was not associated with gaps in care coordination (p = 0.60) but was associated with double the risk of a preventable adverse outcome (aRR 2.06; CI: 1.37, 3.10, p < 0.001).
HHC recipients were significantly more likely (than those without HHC) to report a potentially preventable adverse event (particularly a drug-drug interaction), suggesting an opportunity to improve patient safety by leveraging the observations of older adults receiving HHC.
Young adults may have high long-term atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk despite low short-term risk.
In this study, we sought to compare the performance of short-term and long-term ...ASCVD risk prediction tools in young adults and evaluate ASCVD incidence associated with predicted short-term and long-term risk.
We included adults aged 18 to 39 years, from 2008 to 2009 in a U.S. integrated health care system, and followed them through 2019. We calculated 10-year and 30-year ASCVD predicted risk and assessed ASCVD incidence.
Among 414,260 young adults, 813 had an incident ASCVD event during a median of 4 years (maximum 11 years). Compared with 10-year predicted risk, 30-year predicted risk improved reclassification (net reclassification index: 16%) despite having similar discrimination (Harrell’s C: 0.749 vs 0.726). Overall, 1.0% and 2.2% of young adults were categorized as having elevated 10-year (≥7.5%) and elevated 30-year (≥20%) predicted risk, respectively, and 1.6% as having low 10-year (<7.5%) but elevated 30-year predicted risk. The ASCVD incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 2.60 (95% CI: 1.92-3.52) for those with elevated 10-year predicted risk, 1.87 (95% CI: 1.42-2.46) for those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk, and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.30-0.35) for those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratio was 3.04 (95% CI: 2.25-4.10) comparing those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk and those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk.
Long-term ASCVD risk prediction tools further discriminate a subgroup of young adults with elevated observed risk despite low estimated short-term risk.
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Introduction
The impact of atrial arrhythmias on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐associated outcomes are unclear. We sought to identify prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with ...atrial arrhythmias among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19.
Methods
An observational cohort study of 1053 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection admitted to a quaternary care hospital and a community hospital was conducted. Data from electrocardiographic and telemetry were collected to identify atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter/tachycardia (AFL). The association between atrial arrhythmias and 30‐day mortality was assessed with multivariable analysis.
Results
Mean age of patients was 62 ± 17 years and 62% were men. Atrial arrhythmias were identified in 166 (15.8%) patients, with AF in 154 (14.6%) patients and AFL in 40 (3.8%) patients. Newly detected atrial arrhythmias occurred in 101 (9.6%) patients. Age, male sex, prior AF, renal disease, and hypoxia on presentation were independently associated with AF/AFL occurrence. Compared with patients without AF/AFL, patients with AF/AFL had significantly higher levels of troponin, B‐type natriuretic peptide, C‐reactive protein, ferritin and
d‐dimer. Mortality was significantly higher among patients with AF/AFL (39.2%) compared to patients without (13.4%; p < .001). After adjustment for age and co‐morbidities, AF/AFL (adjusted odds ratio OR: 1.93; p = .007) and newly detected AF/AFL (adjusted OR: 2.87; p < .001) were independently associated with 30‐day mortality.
Conclusion
Atrial arrhythmias are common among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. The presence of AF/AFL tracked with markers of inflammation and cardiac injury. Atrial arrhythmias were independently associated with increased mortality.
Abstract
African Americans living in low socioeconomic circumstances are at high risk of poor health outcomes; this is particularly true for those with hypertension. Many African Americans with ...chronic hypertension living in the rural impoverished Southeastern USA have low health literacy and are socially isolated. These factors are known to have a negative impact on health outcomes, but it is possible that social support may overcome some of the effect of low health literacy. Since little has been reported about this association, we examined the association between social functioning and health literacy in a rural African American population in the Southeast USA. We used baseline data from participants in the Southeastern Collaboration to Improve Blood Pressure Control, a pragmatic trial that recruited rural African Americans with persistently uncontrolled hypertension and collected survey data. Overall, 33.5% of the 1221 person sample reported social isolation, 26.0% reported low instrumental support, 36.0% reported low emotional support, and 63.4% had inadequate health literacy. All three domains of low social functioning were significantly associated with low health literacy, and this effect was robust to multivariable adjustment for sociodemographics and cognitive functioning for social isolation (adjusted odds ratio 1.62, 95% confidence intervals 1.20–2.20). In conclusion, the majority of this sample living in the NC and AL Black Belt had high social functioning but inadequate health literacy. Tests of interventions to improve social support, especially social isolation, may be warranted to overcome low health literacy in this high-risk rural population.
Using a large, national sample, this study examined perceived caregiving strain and other caregiving factors in relation to all-cause mortality.
The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in ...Stroke (REGARDS) study is a population-based cohort of men and women aged 45 years and older. Approximately 12% (n = 3,710) reported that they were providing ongoing care to a family member with a chronic illness or disability. Proportional hazards models were used for this subsample to examine the effects of caregiving status measures on all-cause mortality over the subsequent 5-year period, both before and after covariate adjustment.
Caregivers who reported high caregiving strain had significantly higher adjusted mortality rates than both no strain (hazard ratio HR = 1.55, p = .02) and some strain (HR = 1.83, p = .001) caregivers. The mortality effects of caregiving strain were not found to differ by race, sex, or the type of caregiving relationship (i.e., spouse, parent, child, sibling, and other).
High perceived caregiving strain is associated with increased all-cause mortality after controlling for appropriate covariates. High caregiving strain constitutes a significant health concern and these caregivers should be targeted for appropriate interventions.
IMPORTANCE: Race-specific and sex-specific stroke risk varies across the lifespan, yet few reports describe sex differences in stroke risk separately in black individuals and white individuals. ...OBJECTIVE: To examine incidence and risk factors for ischemic stroke by sex for black and white individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study included participants 45 years and older who were stroke-free from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, enrolled from the continental United States 2003 through 2007 with follow-up through October 2016. Data were analyzed from March 2018 to September 2018. EXPOSURES: Sex and race. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Physician-adjudicated incident ischemic stroke, self-reported race/ethnicity, and measured and self-reported risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 25 789 participants (14 170 women 54.9%; 10 301 black individuals 39.9%) were included. Over 222 120 person-years of follow-up, 939 ischemic strokes occurred: 159 (16.9%) in black men, 326 in white men (34.7%), 217 in black women (23.1%), and 237 in white women (25.2%). Between 45 and 64 years of age, white women had 32% lower stroke risk than white men (incidence rate ratio IRR, 0.68 95% CI, 0.49-0.94), and black women had a 28% lower risk than black men (IRR, 0.72 95% CI, 0.52-0.99). Lower stroke risk in women than men persisted at age 65 through 74 years in white individuals (IRR, 0.71 95% CI, 0.55-0.94) but not in black individuals (IRR, 0.94 95% CI, 0.68-1.30); however, the race-sex interaction was not significant. At 75 years and older, there was no sex difference in stroke risk for either race. For white individuals, associations of systolic blood pressure (women: hazard ratio HR, 1.13 95% CI, 1.05-1.22; men: 1.04 95% CI, 0.97-1.11; P = .099), diabetes (women: HR, 1.84 95% CI, 1.35-2.52; men: 1.13 95% CI, 0.86-1.49; P = .02), and heart disease (women: HR, 1.76 95% CI, 1.30-2.39; men, 1.26 95% CI, 0.99-1.60; P = .09) with stroke risk were larger for women than men, while antihypertensive medication use had a smaller association in women than men (women: HR, 1.17 95% CI, 0.89-1.54; men: 1.61 95% CI, 1.29-2.03; P = .08). In black individuals, there was no evidence of a sex difference for any risk factors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: For both races, at age 45 through 64 years, women were at lower stroke risk than men, and there was no sex difference at 75 years or older; however, the sex difference pattern may differ by race from age 65 through 74 years. The association of risk factors on stroke risk differed by race-sex groups. While the need for primordial prevention, optimal management, and control of risk factors is universal across all age, racial/ethnic, and sex groups, some demographic subgroups may require earlier and more aggressive strategies.
BACKGROUND: The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline recommends initiation of antihypertensive medication for adults with stage 1 hypertension ...(systolic blood pressure, 130–139 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure, 80–89 mm Hg) and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk ≥10% estimated by the pooled cohort equations (PCEs). In 2023, the American Heart Association published the predicting risk of cardiovascular disease events (PREVENT) equations to estimate ASCVD and total cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS: We analyzed US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2013 to 2020 for 1703 adults aged 30 to 79 years without self-reported cardiovascular disease with stage 1 hypertension. We estimated 10-year ASCVD risk by the PCEs and 10-year ASCVD and total cardiovascular disease risk by the base PREVENT equations. Analyses were weighted to represent noninstitutionalized US adults with stage 1 hypertension. RESULTS: Mean 10-year ASCVD risk was 5.4% (95% CI, 5.0%–5.9%) and 2.9% (95% CI, 2.7%–3.1%) using the PCEs and PREVENT equations, respectively. The proportion with 10-year ASCVD risk of 10% to <15% and ≥15% was 8.1% and 7.8% estimated by the PCEs, respectively, and 3.0% and 0.3% estimated by the PREVENT equations, respectively. No participants had a 10-year ASCVD risk ≥10% on the PREVENT equations and <10% on the PCEs, while 12.5% had a 10-year ASCVD risk ≥10% on the PCEs and <10% on the PREVENT equations. The mean 10-year total cardiovascular disease risk estimated by the PREVENT equations was lower than the mean 10-year ASCVD risk on the PCEs. CONCLUSIONS: Among US adults with stage 1 hypertension, the 10-year predicted ASCVD risk estimated by the PREVENT equations was approximately half the risk estimated by the PCEs.
Older individuals with chronic health conditions are at highest risk of adverse clinical outcomes from COVID-19, but there is widespread belief that risk to younger, relatively lower-risk individuals ...is negligible. We assessed the rate and predictors of life-threatening complications among relatively lower-risk adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Of 3766 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 to three hospitals in New York City from March to May 2020, 963 were relatively lower-risk based on absence of preexisting health conditions. Multivariable logistic regression models examined in-hospital development of life-threatening complications (major medical events, intubation, or death). Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, hypertension, weight, insurance type, and area-level sociodemographic factors (poverty, crowdedness, and limited English proficiency). In individuals ≥55 years old (n = 522), 33.3% experienced a life-threatening complication, 17.4% were intubated, and 22.6% died. Among those <55 years (n = 441), 15.0% experienced a life-threatening complication, 11.1% were intubated, and 5.9% died. In multivariable analyses among those ≥55 years, age (OR 1.03 95%CI 1.01-1.06), male sex (OR 1.72 95%CI 1.14-2.64), being publicly insured (versus commercial insurance: Medicare, OR 2.02 95%CI 1.22-3.38, Medicaid, OR 1.87 95%CI 1.10-3.20) and living in areas with relatively high limited English proficiency (highest versus lowest quartile: OR 3.50 95%CI 1.74-7.13) predicted life-threatening complications. In those <55 years, no sociodemographic factors significantly predicted life-threatening complications. A substantial proportion of relatively lower-risk patients hospitalized with COVID-19 experienced life-threatening complications and more than 1 in 20 died. Public messaging needs to effectively convey that relatively lower-risk individuals are still at risk of serious complications.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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