Hayabusa2 deployed two artificial landmarks called “target markers (TMs)” on the asteroid Ryugu for autonomous landing control. To achieve precise deployment on target landing sites, the TMs were ...designed to dissipate kinetic energy and released near the asteroid surface (with an altitude of less than 40 m). This study evaluates the performance of the ballistic deployment in the actual microgravity environment by reconstructing the trajectories of the TMs from optical, altimetric, and radiometric data. In addition, based on the reconstructed trajectories, low-velocity impacts of the TMs on the surface of Ryugu are characterized with dynamical parameters, such as dissipated energy and a coefficient of restitution. The physical implications of the impact analysis are discussed in comparison with on-ground experimental data. Furthermore, the gravitational environment is investigated using the reconstructed trajectory data and a shape model of Ryugu, providing information on the local gravity anomaly. Consequently, this paper demonstrates the usefulness of deployable artificial landmarks for small-body landings and further offers insight on surface conditions and internal structures near the Hayabusa2 landing sites where samples of Ryugu were collected.
•Hayabusa2 deployed two target markers (TMs) on the asteroid Ryugu as artificial landmarks for autonomous landing control.•TM trajectories were reconstructed from flight data, demonstrating the performance of the ballistic deployment under microgravity.•Beanbag-like structure of the TM successfully dissipated kinetic energy and prevented a rebound after the impact.•Impact and gravimetric analyses based on the reconstructed trajectories provided insights on the surface and internal structures of Ryugu.
Asteroid 162173 Ryugu has numerous craters. The initial measurement of impact craters on Ryugu, by Sugita et al. (2019), is based on Hayabusa2 ONC images obtained during the first month after the ...arrival of Hayabusa2 in June 2018. Utilizing new images taken until February 2019, we constructed a global impact crater catalogue of Ryugu, which includes all craters larger than 20 m in diameter on the surface of Ryugu. As a result, we identified 77 craters on the surface of Ryugu. Ryugu shows variation in crater density which cannot be explained by the randomness of cratering; there are more craters at lower latitudes and fewer at higher latitudes, and fewer craters in the western bulge (160°E – 290°E) than in the region around the meridian (300°E – 30°E). This variation implies a complicated geologic history for Ryugu. It seems that the variation in crater density indicates that the equatorial ridge located in the western hemisphere is relatively young, while that located in the eastern hemisphere is a fossil structure formed during the short rotational period in the distant past.
•We examined the spatial distribution of impact craters on Ryugu.•We completed a global impact crater catalogue of Ryugu (D > 20 m).•Crater density variations cannot be explained by the randomness of cratering.•More craters are seen at lower latitudes and less at higher latitudes.•There are fewer craters in the western bulge and more around the meridian.
Extraterrestrial minerals on the surface of airless Solar System bodies undergo gradual alteration processes known as space weathering over long periods of time. The signatures of space weathering ...help us understand the phenomena occurring in the Solar System. However, meteorites rarely retain the signatures, making it impossible to study the space weathering processes precisely. Here, we examine samples retrieved from the asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft and discover the presence of nonmagnetic framboids through electron holography measurements that can visualize magnetic flux. Magnetite particles, which normally provide a record of the nebular magnetic field, have lost their magnetic properties by reduction via a high-velocity (>5 km s
) impact of a micrometeoroid with a diameter ranging from 2 to 20 μm after destruction of the parent body of Ryugu. Around these particles, thousands of metallic-iron nanoparticles with a vortex magnetic domain structure, which could have recorded a magnetic field in the impact event, are found. Through measuring the remanent magnetization of the iron nanoparticles, future studies are expected to elucidate the nature of the nebular/interplanetary magnetic fields after the termination of aqueous alteration in an asteroid.
We have analyzed the carbonaceous materials generated by the explosion of an High-melting explosive mixture in an Ar atmosphere in a laboratory simulation of the small carry-on impactor experiment. ...We used both non-destructive and destructive analytical techniques to identify the chemical nature of the materials. From SEM-EDS, we found the materials to be composed mainly of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, with a detectable amount of metals. Suitable parameters for identifying these materials are a FTIR peak at 1520 cm-1, low reflectance and gentle red slope of FTIR spectrum compared with the Murchison CM2 chondrite, the Raman D and G bands, and the hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopic compositions and their spatial distributions. The scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM)-XANES results provided information about the molecular nature of these highly aromatic materials, which was supported by results from TD-GC/MS. These results suggest that it is possible to distinguish Ryugu samples from SCI potential contaminants in a sample container by using proper combinations of analytical techniques. This assessment provides information that will be useful for the analysis of the Ryugu asteroidal samples.
One of the primary goals of Hayabusa2 is to land on the asteroid Ryugu to collect its surface materials. The key for a successful touchdown is to find a promising landing site that meets both ...scientific and engineering requirements. Due to the limited availability of pre-arrival information about Ryugu, the landing site selection (LSS) must be conducted based on proximity observations over a limited length of time. In addition, Ryugu was discovered to possess an unexpectedly high abundance of boulders with an absence of wide and flat areas, further complicating the LSS. To resolve these problems, we developed a systematic and stepwise LSS process with a focus on the surface topography of Ryugu and the associated touchdown safety. The proposed LSS scheme consists of two phases: Phase-I LSS, a comprehensive survey of potential landing areas at the 100-m scale based on the global mapping of Ryugu, and Phase-II LSS, a narrowing-down process of the candidate landing sites at the 10-m scale using high-resolution images and a local terrain model. To verify the feasibility of a precision landing at the target site, we also investigated the landing dispersion via a Monte Carlo simulation, which incorporates the effect of the irregular surface gravity field. One of the major characteristics of the Hayabusa2 LSS developed in this study is the iterative feedback between LSS analyses on the ground and actual spacecraft operations near the target asteroid. Using the newly developed method, we chose a landing site with a radius of 3 m, and Hayabusa2 successfully conducted its first touchdown on February 21, 2019. This paper reports the methodology and results of the stepwise iterative LSS for the first Hayabusa2 touchdown. The touchdown operation results reconstructed from flight data are also provided, demonstrating the validity of the adopted LSS strategy.
Hayabusa2 is a Japanese interplanetary probe launched on December 3, 2014, which arrived at asteroid Ryugu on June 27, 2018. During its stay around Ryugu, it completed several challenging operations, ...including deploying two rovers and a lander, conducting two sample collections, and performing a kinetic impact experiment. The kinetic impact experiment was one of the biggest challenges of the Hayabusa2 mission. Investigating the physical and chemical properties of asteroid internal materials and structures is an important scientific objective for small body exploration. We developed a small kinetic impactor called the SCI (Small Carry-on Impactor) to achieve this objective. The SCI is a compact kinetic impactor designed to remove a small region of Ryugu's uppermost surface regolith layer and create an artificial crater. The spacecraft deployed the SCI on April 5, 2019, successfully creating an artificial crater with a diameter of 15 m. This paper describes the operational planning of the kinetic impact experiment and summarizes the operation results.
•Sub-surface exploration is a new challenge for Hayabusa2.•A small kinetic impactor was developed to create an artificial crater.•The impactor created a 15m-class artificial crater on April 5, 2019.•The crater formation process was observed by a deployable camera.•The sub-surface sampling was completed during the touchdown operation on July 11, 2019.
The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu displays a Cb-type average spectrum and a very low average normal albedo of 0.04. Although the majority of boulders on Ryugu have reflectance spectra and albedo ...similar to the Ryugu average, a small fraction of boulders exhibit anomalously high albedo and distinctively different spectra. A previous study (Tatsumi et al., 2021Nature Astronomy, 5, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1179-z) based on the 2.7-km observations and a series of low-altitude (down to 68 m) descent observations conducted prior to the first touchdown have shown that the spectra of these anomalous boulders can be classified into two distinct groups corresponding to S and C type asteroids. The former originate most likely from an impactor that collided with Ryugu's parent body, whereas the latter may be from portions of Ryugu's parent body that experienced a different temperature history than experienced by the majority of boulder materials. In this study, we analyzed images captured after the first touchdown to determine the quantitative properties of these bright boulders on Ryugu. We measured the sizes of more than a thousand bright boulders and characterized the morphologic properties of the largest ones. Analyses revealed many properties of bright boulders important for the evolution of Ryugu and its parent body. First, the size–frequency distributions of S-type and C-type bright boulders follow a power law with exponents of 1.6 ± 1.3 and 3.0 ± 0.7, respectively. Based on these size–frequency distributions, we obtained the ratios of the total volume and surface area of S-type bright boulders to those of average dark boulders on the Ryugu's surface, that is, 7.1−5.0+6.3 × 10−6 and 1.5−1.2+3.2 × 10−6, respectively, over the diameter range of 0.3 to 3 m. Similarly, the ratio of the total volume and surface area of C-type bright boulders to those of average dark boulders are 4.4−2.2+14.0 × 10−5 and 1.3−1.1+9.8 × 10−3, respectively, at a diameter range of 2 cm to 2 m. Second, the number density of bright boulders inside the artificial crater newly made by the Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI) experiment agrees with the outside number density within a factor of two. Third, many of the bright boulders are embedded in a larger substrate boulder, suggesting that they have experienced mixing and conglomeration with darker fragments on Ryugu's parent body, rather than gently landing on Ryugu during or after its formation by reaccumulation. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that S-type bright boulders were likely mixed during and/or before a catastrophic disruption. C-type bright boulders embedded in substrate boulders suggests a brecciation process after thermal metamorphism. Furthermore, the embedding of S-type clasts in substrate boulders suggests that brecciation did indeed occur even after a large-scale impact on the parent body. If the brecciation on the Ryugu's parent body occurred over such a long period or over many stages of its evolution, breccias may end up being the dominant constituent materials on Ryugu's parent body. Moreover, the preponderance of breccias may contribute to the globally low thermal inertia of Ryugu.
•We studied the size frequency distribution and morphology of Ryugu's bright boulders. (83)•Bright boulders in high latitudes (50°S to 75°N) were found on Ryugu. (73)•S- and C-type-bright-boulder volume ratios are (2−13) × 10−6 and (2–18) × 10−5. (85)•Fraction of C-type bright materials in Hayabusa2 samples is estimated >0.2%. (78)•Many bright clasts embedded in large breccias were observed. (72)
Many small boulders with reflectance values higher than 1.5 times the average reflectance have been found on the near-Earth asteroid 162,173 Ryugu. Based on their visible wavelength spectral ...differences, Tatsumi et al. (2021, Nature Astronomy, 5, doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1179-z) defined two bright boulder classes: C-type and S-type. These two classifications of bright boulders have different size distributions and spectral trends. In this study, we measured the spectra of 79 bright boulders and investigated their detailed spectral properties. Analyses obtained a number of important results. First, S-type bright boulders on Ryugu have spectra that are similar to those found for two different ordinary chondrites with different initial spectra that have been experimentally space weathered the same way. This suggests that there may be two populations of S-type bright boulders on Ryugu, perhaps originating from two different impactors that hit Ryugu's parent body. Second, the model space-weathering ages of meter-size S-type bright boulders, based on spectral change rates derived in previous experimentally irradiated ordinary chondrites, are 105–106 years, which is consistent with the crater retention age (<106 years) of the ~1-m deep surface layer on Ryugu. This agreement strongly suggests that Ryugu's surface is extremely young, implying that the samples acquired from Ryugu's surface should be fresh. Third, the lack of a serpentine absorption in the S-type clast embedded in one of the large brecciated boulders indicates that fragmentation and cementation that created the breccias occurred after the termination of aqueous alteration. Fourth, C-type bright boulders exhibit a continuous spectral trend similar to the heating track of low-albedo carbonaceous chondrites, such as CM and CI. Other processes, such as space weathering and grain size effects, cannot primarily account for their spectral variation. Furthermore, the distribution of the spectra of general dark boulders, which constitute >99.9% of Ryugu's volume, is located along the trend line in slope/UV-index diagram that is occupied by C-type bright boulders. These results indicate that thermal metamorphism might be the dominant cause for the spectral variety among the C-type bright boulders on Ryugu and that general boulders on Ryugu may have experienced thermal metamorphism under a much narrower range of conditions than the C-type bright boulders. This supports the hypothesis that Ryugu's parent body experienced uniform heating due to radiogenic energy rather than impact heating.
•We conducted spectroscopic analysis of newly found >70 bright boulders.•S-type bright boulders on Ryugu follow two different space-weathering tracks.•Ryugu's parent body may have been hit by more than one large projectile.•Largest S-type clast embedded in large breccia indicated no serpentine absorption.•Spectral trend of C-type bright boulders resembles CM/CI heating tracks.
Abstract
In the samples collected from the asteroid Ryugu, magnetite displays natural remanent magnetization due to nebular magnetic field, whereas contemporaneously grown iron sulfide does not ...display stable remanent magnetization. To clarify this counterintuitive feature, we observed their nanoscale magnetic domain structures using electron holography and found that framboidal magnetites have an external magnetic field of 300 A m
−1
, similar to the bulk value, and its magnetic stability was enhanced by interactions with neighboring magnetites, permitting a disk magnetic field to be recorded. Micrometer-sized pyrrhotite showed a multidomain magnetic structure that was unable to retain natural remanent magnetization over a long time due to short relaxation time of magnetic-domain-wall movement, whereas submicron-sized sulfides formed a nonmagnetic phase. These results show that both magnetite and sulfide could have formed simultaneously during the aqueous alteration in the parent body of the asteroid Ryugu.
Hayabusa2 spacecraft successfully collected rock samples from the surface of C-type near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu through two touchdowns and brought them back to Earth in 2020. At the ...Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center in JAXA, we performed initial description of all samples to obtain fundamental information and prepare the database for sample allocation. We propose morphological classifications for the returned samples based on the initial description of 205 grains described in the first 6 months. The returned samples can be distinguished by four morphological characteristics: dark, glossy, bright, and white. According to coordinated study to provide an initial description and detailed investigation by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis in this study, these features reflect the differences in the degree of space weathering and mineral assemblages. The degree of space weathering of the four studied grain types is heterogeneous: weak for A0042 (dark group) and C0041 (white group); moderate for C0094 (glossy); and severe for A0017 (bright). The white phase, which is the mineral characteristic of the white group grains, is identified as large carbonate minerals. This is the first effort to classify Ryugu returned samples into distinct categories. Based on these results, researchers can estimate sample characteristics only from the information on the JAXA curation public database. It will be an important reference for sample selection for further investigation.
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