•PAHs were detected in the cooking exhaust from the fat-rich food samples.•The major PAHs generated by grilling were phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene.•The percentage of 5- to 7-rings PAHs ...increased as the particle diameter decreased.•Most of PAHs generated were concentrated in particles with diameters of <0.43μm.•More than 90% of the PAHs emitted by grilling would reach the alveolar region.
The concentration and particle size distribution of 19 major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted by thermal cooking were investigated. Corn, trout, beef, prawns, and pork were selected for grilling. The PAHs in the oil mist emitted when the food was grilled were collected according to particle size range and analysed by GC/MS. Much higher concentrations of PAHs were detected in the oil mist emitted by grilled pork, trout, and beef samples, which were rich in fat. The main components of the cooking exhaust were 3- and 4-ring PAHs, regardless of food type. The particle size distribution showed that almost all the PAHs were concentrated in particles with diameters of <0.43μm. For pork, the toxic equivalent of benzoapyrene accounted for 50% of the PAHs in particles with diameters of <0.43μm. From these results, we estimated that >90% of the PAHs would reach the alveolar region of the lungs.
Recent progress and current understanding of carrier lifetimes and avalanche phenomena in silicon carbide (SiC) are reviewed. The acceptor level of carbon vacancy (VC), called the Z1/2 center, has ...been identified to be the primary carrier lifetime killer in SiC. The VC defects can be eliminated by the introduction of excess carbon atoms followed by carbon diffusion in the bulk region. The true bulk lifetime after VC elimination was estimated to be approximately 110 µs. The doping dependence of carrier lifetimes in n- and p-type SiC is also presented. The impact ionization coefficients of electrons and holes were extracted in the temperature range of 298 to 423 K. The intrinsic critical electric field strength of SiC 0 0 0 1 was determined to be 2.0, 2.5, and 3.3 MV cm−1 for doping densities of 1 × 1015, 1 × 1016, and 1 × 1017 cm−3, respectively, at room temperature; it slightly increased at elevated temperature. The obtained set of impact ionization coefficients has enabled us to accurately predict the breakdown voltage of SiC devices, including its temperature dependence. Due to the unusually low impact ionization coefficient of electrons, the breakdown voltage of a SiC p+n junction is about 6%-9% higher than that of an n+p junction with a given doping density.
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium of the mammalian intestine that can persist in soil and aquatic systems and can be a nosocomial pathogen to humans. It employs multiple stress ...adaptation strategies in order to survive such a wide range of environments. Within this study, we sought to elucidate whether membrane fatty acid composition changes are an important component for stress adaptation. We noted that E. faecalis OG1RF was capable of changing its membrane composition depending upon growth phase and temperature. The organism also readily incorporated fatty acids from bile, serum, and medium supplemented with individual fatty acids, often dramatically changing the membrane composition such that a single fatty acid was predominant. Growth in either low levels of bile or specific individual fatty acids was found to protect the organism from membrane challenges such as high bile exposure. In particular, we observed that when grown in low levels of bile, serum, or the host-derived fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid, E. faecalis was better able to survive the antibiotic daptomycin. Interestingly, the degree of membrane saturation did not appear to be important for protection from the stressors examined here; instead, it appears that a specific fatty acid or combination of fatty acids is critical for stress resistance.
•Over 3 million pet records analysed showing differences in periodontal disease risk.•The majority of dogs diagnosed with periodontal disease weighed under 15 kg.•Risk factors include age, being ...overweight, and time since last scale and polish.•Highlights dogs most at risk on which diagnostic efforts should be focussed.
Despite periodontal disease (PD) being amongst the most common diagnoses in primary-care practice, the disease is generally underdiagnosed. However, the millions of clinical records generated by pet hospitals each year provide unique opportunities to generate insights about disease risk across large numbers of dogs. The objective of this study was to undertake a retrospective analysis of medical records to ascertain which sizes and breeds of dog are most frequently diagnosed with PD. Although data collection regarding PD was not consistent, it was assumed that the same inconsistencies in recording periodontal abnormalities were present across the range of bodyweight, breed categories and breeds.
Over 3 million medical records across 60 breeds of dogs visiting a chain of veterinary hospitals in the United States collected over a 5-year period were analysed. Statistical analysis of a subset of these records found that extra-small (<6.5 kg) breeds of dog were up to five times more likely to be diagnosed with PD than giant breeds (>25 kg) (P <0.0001). The majority of breeds most frequently diagnosed with PD were in the extra-small, small (6.5−9 kg) and medium-small (9−15 kg) breed size categories. Additional risk factors for PD diagnosis included age, being overweight and time since last scale and polish. Veterinarians should consider targeting client education about dental health, and diagnostic efforts, towards canine patients of the small-breed size categories and those with a higher risk of developing PD (e.g. overweight).
Abstract
Thermoelectric effects have been applied to power generators and temperature sensors that convert waste heat into electricity. The effects, however, have been limited to electrons to occur, ...and inevitably disappear at low temperatures due to electronic entropy quenching. Here, we report thermoelectric generation caused by nuclear spins in a solid: nuclear-spin Seebeck effect. The sample is a magnetically ordered material MnCO
3
having a large nuclear spin (
I
= 5/2) of
55
Mn nuclei and strong hyperfine coupling, with a Pt contact. In the system, we observe low-temperature thermoelectric signals down to 100 mK due to nuclear-spin excitation. Our theoretical calculation in which interfacial Korringa process is taken into consideration quantitatively reproduces the results. The nuclear thermoelectric effect demonstrated here offers a way for exploring thermoelectric science and technologies at ultralow temperatures.
O IMPACTO DA PANDEMIA NOS BANCOS DE SANGUE Cabral, RDVS; Maligeri, SA; Saito, EK
Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy,
October 2021, 2021-10-01, Letnik:
43
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Renato Dalle Vedove Silveira Cabral, Sophia Azevedo Maligeri, Edson Kazuo Saito e orientado por Patrícia Nunes Bezerra Pinheiro.
Destacar a queda das doações de sangue durante a pandemia do ...SARS-COV-2, citar as iniciativas tomadas por serviços de saúde e analisar a eficácia destas.
Revisão de literatura com a utilização da plataforma Pubmed. Com os descritores “pandemic”AND “blood bank”, chega-se a 189 resultados. Aplicando filtros “texto completo grátis”e “2020 a 2021”encontra-se 131 resultados. Após a leitura dos resumos, 43 revelaram-se relevantes com o tema e destes, após a leitura completa, apenas 40.
À exceção do relato de dois artigos, a redução das doações no período foi severa para os bancos de sangue com relatos de estoques quase esgotados. As principais medidas de contingência adotadas foram: postergação de cirurgias eletivas, diminuição do uso de hemoderivados com descontinuação ou redução dos valores de hemoglobina e plaquetas para transfusão profilática, além da extensão do vencimento dos produtos. Para aumentar a segurança no momento das doações medidas como agendamento de horário, distanciamento físico entre as cadeiras, ambientes bem ventilados, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual pelos trabalhadores e testes rápidos de triagem para COVID-19 foram implementados.
Atualmente a tecnologia e a ciência caminham juntas em uma jornada de descobertas e conquistas. Todavia, ainda não é possível reproduzir sangue em laboratório, cabendo ao receptor apenas a esperança de doações. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde é recomendável que 5% da população seja doadora de sangue, no entanto, antes da pandemia o Brasil apresentava uma média baixa, de 2 a 2,5% de doadores e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 as doações diminuíram ainda mais. Diversos pacientes hematológicos e oncológicos necessitam de transfusões regulares para sobrevivência. Além disso, com o agravamento da pandemia, a demanda por transfusões devido às complicações da COVID-19 aumentou, enquanto o estoque de sangue sofreu o efeito contrário. A fim de controlar a disseminação da doença instaurou-se medidas restritivas. O altruísmo do ato de doar sangue perdeu forças em meio ao medo, ansiedade e individualismo que propagaram-se pela sociedade. Os bancos de sangue precisaram realizar campanhas de doações massivas com o intuito de sensibilizar a população, expuseram a carência do estoque e a segurança de seus estabelecimentos. Com novas abordagens, os doadores rotineiros voltaram a ativa, apesar da menor frequência, e novos doadores, os denominados “pandêmicos”, passaram a doar.
Os bancos de sangue foram drasticamente afetados pela pandemia. Para a redução deste impacto as melhores medidas tomadas são: o uso da telemedicina para a entrevista de aptidão para doação, permanência dos bancos de sangue abertos em feriados, utilização de grandes espaços externos para campanhas de doações e o uso das redes sociais para a realização de marketing e engajamento social. Além das medidas já citadas, é importante ressaltar que brasileiros matriculados no ensino superior representam aproximadamente 18% da população, esta parcela deveria ser incentivada a realizar doações sanguíneas, com posterior validação como horas complementares.
The composition dependence of transition temperatures on quaternary Co-Fe-Ni-Ga melt-spun alloys with constant Ga content are examined. A few at.% of Fe replacement for Co in Co50Ni22Ga28 drastically ...reduce martensitic transformation temperature (TM) whereas ferromagnetic transition temperature (Tc) remains above 400 K. Increasing Ni instead of Co in Fe doped specimen can raise TM around room temperature again. Further increase of Fe content with this manner, the alloys finally connected to ternary Ni-Fe-Ga of ferromagnetic shape memory region. The martensitic transition start temperature (MS) of Co-Fe-Ni-Ga28 alloys show good correlation with the valence electron ratio (e/a). The MS vs e/a plot clearly shows that trend lines are separated for each Fe content, and intervals of trend lines seem to be proportional to Fe content at lower Fe region. The Tc and saturation magnetization of Co-Fe-Ni-Ga28 alloys show almost linear relation with magnetic valence Zm.
•Compositions of Co-Fe-Ni-Ga alloys which connect between ferromagnetic shape memory region of Co-Ni-Ga and Ni-Fe-Ga.•Martensite transformation temperatures are almost proportional to electron to atom ratio.•The trend lines are separated for each Fe contents.
Cervical cancer is the 11th leading cause of death from cancer for females in Japan. In 2005, there were 2486 deaths from cervical cancer, accounting for 1.8% of the total number of cancer deaths in ...Japan. Cervical cancer screening using conventional cytology has been conducted worldwide. The guideline for cervical cancer screening was developed based on the established method. The efficacies of conventional and liquid-based cytology, human papillomavirus testing alone and two combination methods were evaluated. On the basis of the balance of the benefits and harms, recommendations for population-based and opportunistic screening were formulated. Five methods of cervical cancer screening were evaluated. On the basis of the analytic framework involving key questions, 3450 articles published from January 1985 to October 2007 were selected using MEDLINE and other methods. After the systematic literature review, 66 articles were confirmed. The results of 33 studies were consistent, and the evidence was sufficient to evaluate the effect of conventional cytology screening. The accuracy of liquid-based cytology was almost equal to that of conventional cytology. Although human papillomavirus testing and combination methods showed high sensitivity, no study has evaluated the reduction in mortality from cervical cancer. Except for the possibility of overdiagnosis, no serious adverse effects of cervical cancer screening were found. Cervical cancer screening using conventional and liquid-based cytology is recommended for population-based and opportunistic screening due to sufficient evidence. Cervical cancer screening using either human papillomavirus testing alone or two combination methods is not recommended for population-based screening due to insufficient evidence.
Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with a significant number of deaths. Much of the evidence associating air pollution with adverse effects is from North American and Europe, partially ...due to incomplete data in other regions limiting location specific examinations. The aim of the current paper is to leverage satellite derived air quality data to examine the relationship between ambient particulate matter and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Asia.
Six cohorts from the Asia Cohort Consortium provided residential information for participants, recruited between 1991 and 2008, across six countries (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). Ambient particulate material (PM2·5) levels for the year of enrolment (or 1998 if enrolled earlier) were assigned utilizing satellite and sensor-based maps. Cox proportional models were used to examine the association between ambient air pollution and all-cause and cause-specific mortality (all cancer, lung cancer, cardiovascular and lung disease). Models were additionally adjusted for urbanicity (representing urban and built characteristics) and stratified by smoking status in secondary analyses. Country-specific findings were pooled via random-effects meta-analysis.
More than 300,000 participants across six cohorts were included, representing more than 4-million-person years. A positive relationship was observed between a 5 µg/m (Dockery et al., 1993) increase in PM2·5 and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1·06, 95 % CI: 0.99, 1·13). The additional adjustment for urbanicity resulted in increased associations between PM2.5 and mortality outcomes, including all-cause mortality (1·04, 95 % CI: 0·97, 1·11). Results were generally similar regardless of whether one was a current, never, or ex-smoker.
Using satellite and remote sensing technology we showed that associations between PM2.5 and all-cause and cause-specific Hazard Ratios estimated are similar to those reported for U.S. and European cohorts.
This project was supported by the Health Effects Institute. Grant number #4963-RFA/18–5. Specific funding support for individual cohorts is described in the Acknowledgements.
Objective
To assess the effectiveness of an HPV vaccination programme in reducing the risk of cervical abnormalities identified at subsequent screening.
Design
Retrospective cohort study using ...administrative health data.
Setting
General population of Ferrara Province, Italy.
Population
Female residents born in 1986–1993 and participating in the organized cervical screening programme in 2011–2018, who were eligible for HPV vaccination in catch‐up cohorts.
Methods
Logistic regression to evaluate the potential association between abnormal cervical cytology and one, two, three or at least one dose of HPV vaccine.
Main outcome measures
Cervical abnormalities, as predicted by low‐grade or high‐grade cytology, by number of vaccine doses, stratified by age.
Results
The sample consisted of 7785 women (mean age 27.5 years, SD 2.3). Overall, 391 (5.0%) were vaccinated with ≥1 dose and 893 (11.5%) had abnormal cytology. Women receiving at least one vaccine dose were significantly less likely to have an abnormal cytology (adjusted odds ratio 0.52; 95% confidence interval 0.34–0.79). Similar results were observed for women receiving a single dose, for both bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines, and applying buffer periods (excluding cytological outcomes within 1 month, 6 months and 1 year of the first dose).
Conclusions
In the context of an organised cervical screening programme in Italy, catch‐up HPV vaccination almost halved the risk of cytological abnormalities.
Tweetable
Among Ferrara women, vaccination against human papillomavirus halved the risk of screening cervical abnormalities.
Tweetable
Among Ferrara women, vaccination against human papillomavirus halved the risk of screening cervical abnormalities.
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