In ν/ν̄-nucleon/nucleus interactions shallow inelastic scattering (SIS) is technically defined in terms of the four-momentum transfer to the hadronic system as non-resonant meson production with Q2 ⪅ ...1 GeV2. This non-resonant meson production intermixes with resonant meson production in a regime of similar effective hadronic mass W of the interaction. As Q2 grows and surpasses this ≈1 GeV2 limit, non-resonant interactions begin to take place with quarks within the nucleon indicating the start of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). To essentially separate this resonant plus non-resonant meson production from DIS quark-fragmented meson production, a cut of 2 GeV in W of the interactions is generally introduced. However, since experimentally mesons from resonance decay cannot be separated from non-resonant produced mesons, SIS for all practical purposes in this review has been defined as inclusive meson production that includes non-resonant plus resonant meson production and the interference between them. Experimentally then for W ⪅ 2 GeV inclusive meson production with W ⪆ (MN + Mπ) and all Q2 is here defined as SIS, while for W ⪆ 2 GeV, the kinematic region with Q2 ⪆ 1 GeV2 is defined as DIS. The so defined SIS and DIS regions have received varying degrees of attention from the community. While the theoretical/phenomenological study of ν-nucleon and ν-nucleus DIS scattering is advanced, such studies of a large portion of the SIS region, particularly the SIS to DIS transition region, have hardly begun. Experimentally, the SIS and the DIS regions for ν-nucleon scattering have minimal results and only in the experimental study of the ν-nucleus DIS region are there significant results for some nuclei. Since current and future neutrino oscillation experiments have contributions from both higher W SIS and DIS kinematic regions and these regions are in need of both considerable theoretical and experimental study, this review will concentrate on these SIS to DIS transition and DIS kinematic regions surveying our knowledge and the current challenges.
Neutrinos and their interactions with matter Sajjad Athar, M.; Fatima, A.; Singh, S.K.
Progress in particle and nuclear physics,
March 2023, 2023-03-00, Letnik:
129
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have presented a review of the properties of neutrinos and their interactions with matter. The different (anti)neutrino processes like the quasielastic scattering, inelastic production of mesons ...and hyperons, and the deep inelastic scattering from the free nucleons are discussed, and the results for the scattering cross sections are presented. The polarization observables for the leptons and hadrons produced in the final state, in the case of quasielastic scattering, are also studied. The importance of nuclear medium effects in the low, intermediate, and high energy regions, in the above processes along with the processes of the coherent neutrino–nucleus scattering, coherent meson production, and trident production, has been highlighted. In some cases, the results of the cross sections are also given and compared with the available experimental data as well as with the predictions in the different theoretical models. This study would be helpful in understanding the (anti)neutrino interaction cross section with matter in the few GeV energy region relevant to the next generation experiments like DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande, and other experiments with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos. We have emphasized the need of better theoretical models for some of these processes for studying the nuclear medium effects in nuclei.
.
In this work, we have studied the total scattering cross section (
σ
, differential scattering cross section (
d
σ
/
d
Q
2
) as well as the longitudinal (
P
L
(
E
e
,
Q
2
)
), perpendicular (
P
P
(
...E
e
,
Q
2
)
), and transverse (
P
T
(
E
e
,
Q
2
)
) components of the polarization of the final hadron (
n
,
Λ
and
Σ
0
) produced in the electron proton scattering induced by the weak charged current. We have not assumed T-invariance which allows the transverse component of the hadron polarization perpendicular to the production plane to be non-zero. The numerical results are presented for all the above observables and their dependence on the axial vector form factor and the weak electric form factor are discussed. The present study enables the determination of the axial vector nucleon-hyperon transition form factors at high
Q
2
in the strangeness sector which can provide a test of the symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like T-invariance and
SU
(3) symmetry while assuming the hypothesis of conserved vector current and partial conservation of axial vector current.
We examine the uncertainty of the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux due to the uncertainty in the hadronic interaction, and present a way to reduce it using accurately measured atmospheric ...muon flux. Considering the difference in the hadronic interaction model and the real one as a variation of hadronic interaction, we find a quantitative estimation method for the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculation from the reconstruction residual of the atmospheric muon flux observed in a precision experiment. However, the relation of the calculation error of the neutrino flux and the reconstruction residual of the muon flux is largely dependent on the atmospheric muon observation site, especially for the low energy neutrinos. We study the relation at several observation sites, near Kamioka at sea level, same but 2770 m a.s.l., Hanle India (4500 m a.s.l.), and at Balloon altitude ( ∼ 32 km ). Then, we estimate how stringently the atmospheric muon can reduce the calculation error of the atmospheric neutrino flux. We also discuss briefly on the source of error which is considered to be difficult to reduce only by the atmospheric muon data.
The quasielastic production cross sections and polarizations of the hyperons induced by
ν
¯
μ
on the free nucleon as well as from
40
Ar in the sub-GeV energy region has been reviewed (Fatima et al., ...Front Phys 7:13, 2019; Fatima et al., Phys Rev D 98:033005, 2018; Akbar et al., Phys Rev D 94:114031, 2016; Fatima et al., Eur Phys J A 54:95, 2018; Akbar et al., Eur Phys J A 53:154, 2017). The effects of the second class currents in the axial vector sector with and without T-invariance as well as the effect of SU(3) symmetry breaking are also studied. We find that the cross sections and the various polarization components can effectively be used to determine the axial vector transition form factors in the strangeness sector and to test the validity of various symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like G-invariance, T-invariance and SU(3) symmetry. These hyperons decay dominantly into pions giving an additional contribution to the weak pion production induced by the antineutrinos. In the case of nuclear targets like
40
Ar, this contribution is shown to be significant when compared with the pion production by the
Δ
excitations in the energy range of
E
ν
¯
μ
≤
0.7
GeV (Fatima et al., Front Phys 7:13, 2019). This study could be useful for the DUNE experiment where argon will be used as the target material and the electronic imaging of particles is possible and the particle tracks can be identified.
We present the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino fluxes for the neutrino experiments proposed at INO, South Pole and Pyhäsalmi. Neutrino fluxes have been obtained using ATMNC, a simulation code ...for cosmic ray in the atmosphere. Even using the same primary flux model and the interaction model, the calculated atmospheric neutrino fluxes are different for the different sites due to the geomagnetic field. The prediction of these fluxes in the present Letter would be quite useful in the experimental analysis.
The effect of the second class currents with and without time reversal invariance has been studied in the quasielastic production of nucleons and hyperons induced by neutrinos and antineutrinos from ...the nucleons. The numerical results are presented for the total scattering cross section (σ) as well as for the longitudinal, perpendicular, and transverse components of the polarization of the final baryons (p, n, Λ, Σ−, Σ0) and muon produced in the quasielastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering induced by the weak charged current. In the case of the production of the Λ hyperon, which is the most suitable candidate for making the polarization measurements, we have also calculated the Q2 dependence of the polarization observables and the differential scattering cross section (dσ/dQ2). The measurement of the polarization observables and their Q2 dependence provides an independent way to determine the nucleon-hyperon transition form factors at high Q2 which can provide tests of the symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like G invariance, T invariance, and SU(3) symmetry.
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