From the viewpoint of the cost and safety, aqueous sodium-ion batteries are attractive candidate for large-scale energy storage. Although the operating voltage range of the aqueous battery is ...theoretically limited to 1.23 V by the electrochemical decomposition of water, the voltage restriction is a little bit eased in real aqueous battery system by the charge/discharge overvoltage. Effect of the concentrated electrolyte on the operation voltage was studied in aqueous Na-ion battery with Na2MnFe(CN)6 hexacyanoferrates cathode and NaTi2(PO4)3 NASICON-type anode, in order to increase the discharge voltage. According to the cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemical window of diluted 1 mol kg−1 NaClO4 aqueous electrolyte is only 1.9 V, whereas the corresponding electrochemical window of concentrated 17 mol kg−1 NaClO4 aqueous electrolyte is widen to 2.8 V. This wide electrochemical window of the concentrated aqueous electrolyte allows the Na2MnFe(CN)6//NaTi2(PO4)3 aqueous sodium-ion system to work reversibly. By contrast, the framework of Na2MnFe(CN)6 cathode was destroyed by the hydroxide anion generated in diluted 1 mol kg−1 electrolyte.
Perovskite-type CsSnCl3 is an attractive candidate for use as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state chloride-ion batteries because it exhibits high ionic conductivity. However, perovskite-type ...CsSnCl3 is metastable at room temperature and easily undergoes a phase transition to a stable phase. Here, we prepared perovskite-type CsSn0.95Mn0.05Cl3, in which the Sn2+ in CsSnCl3 is partly substituted with Mn2+, via a mechanical milling method. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the perovskite-type CsSn0.95Mn0.05Cl3 is stable to −15 °C. Moreover, it exhibits a high chloride ionic conductivity of 2.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C. We demonstrated the room-temperature operation of an all-solid-state chloride-ion battery with a BiCl3 cathode, an Sn anode, and CsSn0.95Mn0.05Cl3 as the electrolyte. The first discharge capacity of the all-solid-state cell at room temperature was 169 mAh g−1 based on the weight of BiCl3. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses confirmed that the reaction mechanism of the cell is derived from the redox reaction of BiCl3 and Sn.
Objectives
To develop and evaluate a deep learning–based algorithm (DLA) for automatic detection of bone metastases on CT.
Methods
This retrospective study included CT scans acquired at a single ...institution between 2009 and 2019. Positive scans with bone metastases and negative scans without bone metastasis were collected to train the DLA. Another 50 positive and 50 negative scans were collected separately from the training dataset and were divided into validation and test datasets at a 2:3 ratio. The clinical efficacy of the DLA was evaluated in an observer study with board-certified radiologists. Jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate observer performance.
Results
A total of 269 positive scans including 1375 bone metastases and 463 negative scans were collected for the training dataset. The number of lesions identified in the validation and test datasets was 49 and 75, respectively. The DLA achieved a sensitivity of 89.8% (44 of 49) with 0.775 false positives per case for the validation dataset and 82.7% (62 of 75) with 0.617 false positives per case for the test dataset. With the DLA, the overall performance of nine radiologists with reference to the weighted alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic figure of merit improved from 0.746 to 0.899 (
p
< .001). Furthermore, the mean interpretation time per case decreased from 168 to 85 s (
p
= .004).
Conclusion
With the aid of the algorithm, the overall performance of radiologists in bone metastases detection improved, and the interpretation time decreased at the same time.
Key Points
•
A deep learning–based algorithm for automatic detection of bone metastases on CT was developed
.
•
In the observer study, overall performance of radiologists in bone metastases detection improved significantly with the aid of the algorithm
.
•
Radiologists’ interpretation time decreased at the same time
.
Aqueous Na-ion batteries with highly concentrated NaClO4 aq. electrolytes are drawing attention as candidates for large-scale rechargeable batteries with a high safety level. However, the detailed ...mechanism by which the potential window in 17 m NaClO4 aq. electrolyte was expanded remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the local structure around a Na+ ion or a ClO4− ion using X-ray diffraction combined with empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modelling and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that in 17 m NaClO4 aq. electrolyte, most of the water molecules were coordinated to Na+ ions and few free water molecules were present. The 17 m NaClO4 aq. electrolyte could be interpreted as widening the potential window because almost all water molecules participated in hydration of the Na+ ions.
To develop and evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) generative model of computed tomography (CT) images of lung nodules using a generative adversarial network (GAN). To guide the GAN, lung nodule size ...was used.
A public CT dataset of lung nodules was used, from where 1182 lung nodules were obtained. Our proposed GAN model used masked 3D CT images and nodule size information to generate images. To evaluate the generated CT images, two radiologists visually evaluated whether the CT images with lung nodule were true or generated, and the diagnostic ability was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and area under the curves (AUC). Then, two models for classifying nodule size into five categories were trained, one using the true and the other using the generated CT images of lung nodules. Using true CT images, the classification accuracy of the sizes of the true lung nodules was calculated for the two classification models.
The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the two radiologists were respectively as follows: radiologist 1: 81.3%, 37.7%, and 0.592; radiologist 2: 77.1%, 30.2%, and 0.597. For categorization of nodule size, the mean accuracy of the classification model constructed with true CT images was 85% (range 83.2–86.1%), and that with generated CT images was 85% (range 82.2–88.1%).
Our results show that it was possible to generate 3D CT images of lung nodules that could be used to construct a classification model of lung nodule size without true CT images.
•A generative adversarial network (GAN) was trained for 3D CT lung nodule images.•To guide the GAN, lung nodule size was used.•The images generated by GAN were difficult to distinguish from true images.•Using the generated images, a classification model of lung nodule size was built.
•We study dynamic fracture in concrete induced by electric discharge impulses (EDI).•Crack propagation is initiated and guided by direct and reflected waves.•Then crack openings are widened by gas ...pressurisation.•Wave analysis for conventional blasting (explosives) is valid also for EDI crushing.•Controlled, smooth dynamic fragmentation of construction materials is possible.
We study dynamic fracture in construction materials induced by electric discharge impulses (EDI) that evaporate self-reactive liquid and produce high pressures in blast holes. Detailed observations utilising a high-speed digital video camera and a three-dimensional finite difference code show cracks generated in cylindrical concrete columns by means of EDI are controlled by direct and reflected waves and widened later by gas pressurisation, just as in the case of conventional blasting. Thus, wave-based analysis developed for blasting using explosives is valid also for EDI crushing, making it an ideal methodology to achieve controlled smooth dynamic fragmentation of construction materials and structures.
The present work proposes a new approach to increasing the capacity of all-solid-state batteries, based on the in situ formation of an electrolyte in a Mg(BH4)2 electrode. Charge/discharge ...assessments of the electrode composed of Mg(BH4)2 and acetylene black showed an initial reversible capacity of 563 mA h g-1-Mg(BH4)2.
The local pH values in the close vicinity of the cathode/anode were experimentally determined to be strongly acidic/weakly basic, respectively, during the operation of a high-voltage aqueous ...sodium-ion battery with Prussian blue-type electrodes and a concentrated aqueous electrolyte. The observed pH gradient was ascribed to O2/H2 evolution at the cathode/anode in aqueous cells, which should contribute to the expansion of the electrochemical window if the pH gradient is maintained. An increase in the distance between the cathode and anode proved to be one of possible solution to suppress the undesired pH neutralization. On the other hand, the reduction of water as well as the dissolved O2 in the electrolyte may diminish the capacity of the anode by a self-discharge. This became more pronounced if the full cell was left to stand for a longer time after charging.
Aims/Introduction
This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials ...and Methods
Several electronic databases were examined on 16 January 2021, including PubMed, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials were included to compare ACT with usual treatment for people with type 2 diabetes reported in any language. Primary outcome measures were glycated hemoglobin, self‐care ability assessed by the summary of diabetes self‐care activities and all adverse events. The secondary outcome measure was acceptance assessed by the acceptance and action diabetes questionnaire.
Results
Of 678 publications initially identified, three trials were included in the meta‐analysis. ACT resulted in a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (mean difference −0.62 points lower in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval −1.07 to −0.16; I2 = 0%; low‐quality evidence). In addition, ACT increased the score of the summary of diabetes self‐care activities (mean difference 8.48 points higher in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval 2.16–14.80; high‐quality evidence). Adverse events were not measured in all trials. ACT increased scores of the acceptance and action diabetes questionnaire (mean difference 5.98 points higher in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–10.54; I2 = 43%; low‐quality evidence).
Conclusions
ACT might reduce glycated hemoglobin, and increase self‐care ability and acceptance among people with type 2 diabetes.
Summary of findings. Efficacy of ACT for type 2 diabetes.
All-solid-state Li batteries have attracted significant attention because of their high energy density and high level of safety. In a solid-state Li-ion battery, the electrodes contain a solid ...electrolyte that does not contribute directly to the capacity. Therefore, a battery that does not require a solid electrolyte in its electrode mixture should exhibit a higher energy density. In this study, a MgH2 electrode was used as the negative electrode material without a solid electrolyte in its mixture. The resultant battery demonstrated excellent performance because of the formation of an ionic conduction path based on LiH in the electrode mixture. LiH and Mg clearly formed upon lithiation and returned to MgH2 upon delithiation as revealed by TEM-EELS analysis. This mechanism of in situ electrolyte formation enables the development of a solid-state battery with a high energy density.
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