Dough-derived cell wall fragments isolated by ultracentrifugation were largely derived from the starchy endosperm, with some fragments deriving from the aleurone and outer layers, as indicated by ...fluorescence microscopy. Dough mixing had little effect on the structure and composition of cell wall fragments compared to thin grain sections, as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These analyses confirmed that the fragments largely comprised water-unextractable arabinoxylan and β-glucan. FTIR microspectroscopy of dough-derived cell wall fragments prepared from five bread wheat cultivars showed that two largely comprised highly substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Manital and San Pastore), one comprised a mixture of low, medium, and highly substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Hereward), and the remaining two comprised a greater proportion of low substituted arabinoxylan (cv. Claire and Yumai 34). Yumai 34 yielded a greater mass of cell wall material, and its cell walls comprised a high proportion of medium substituted arabinoxylan. Such methods will allow for the impact of bakery ingredients and processing on endosperm cells, including the addition of xylanases, to be investigated in the future to ensure any potential health benefits arising from wheat breeding are realized in the food that reaches the consumer.
A Sanz-Parra, B Vazquez, F Sobrino, SJ Cox, V Ley and JS Salt
Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
A recombinant live vector vaccine was produced by insertion ...of cDNA
encoding the structural proteins (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus
(FMDV) into a replication-competent human adenovirus type 5 vaccine strain
(Ad5 wt). Groups of cattle (n = 3) were immunized twice, by the
subcutaneous and/or intranasal routes, with either the Ad5 wt vaccine or
with the recombinant FMDV Ad5-P1 vaccine. All animals were challenged by
intranasal instillation of FMDV 4 weeks after the second immunizations. In
the absence of a detectable antibody response to FMDV, significant
protection against viral challenge was seen in all of the animals immunized
twice by the subcutaneous route with the recombinant vaccine. The observed
partial protection against clinical disease was not associated with a
reduction in titre of persistent FMDV infections in the oropharynx of
challenged cattle.
In this contribution an evaluation of the readiness parameters for the Spanish ATLAS Federated Tier-2 is presented, regarding the ATLAS data taking which is expected to start by the end of the year ...2009. Special attention will be paid to the Physics Analysis from different points of view: Data Management, Simulated events Production and Distributed Analysis Tests. Several use cases of Distributed Analysis in GRID infrastructures and local interactive analysis in non-Grid farms, are provided, in order to evaluate the interoperability between both environments, and to compare the different performances. The prototypes for local computing infrastructures for data analysis are described. Moreover, information about a local analysis facilities, called Tier-3, is given.
This paper deals with timing jitter reduction in the timing recovery loop of a digital QAM receiver. The main contribution, which is derived analytically, is an economical prefilter to reduce the ...timing jitter in timing recovery loops containing either the early-late or the Gardner timing-error detector (TED). The proposed prefilter has the advantage of being an infinite impulse response filter that is placed inside the TED and runs at the symbol rate. For small roll off factors, it is shown with a computer simulation that a single-pole filter placed inside either the early-late or the Gardner detector is quite effective in reducing the timing jitter.
The EventIndex is the complete catalogue of all ATLAS real and simulated events, keeping the references to all permanent files that contain a given event in any processing stage; its implementation ...has been substantially revised in advance of LHC Run 3 to be able to scale to the higher production rates. The Event Picking Server automates the procedure of finding the locations of large numbers of events, extracting and collecting them into separate files. It supports different formats of events and has an elastic workflow for different input data. The convenient graphical interface of the Event Picking Server is integrated with ATLAS SSO. The monitoring system controls the performance of all parts of the service.
The composition and surface properties of dough liquor isolated by ultracentrifugation have been characterised. Addition of ascorbate had no effect and salts only a limited effect, on the yield, ...protein content and composition of the dough liquor. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch oligosaccharides together with the non-starch polysaccharide, arabinoxylan. At high dilution the dough liquor air:water interface was dominated by protein, with surface tensions of around 55
mN/m and high surface elasticity. As the concentration was increased, surface tensions dropped to around 40
mN/m for undiluted dough liquor. This was accompanied by the interface becoming less elastic, and indicated that dough liquor lipids were interacting and disrupting the protein films in concentrated dough liquor. Dough liquors from de-fatted flours remained elastic and gave surface tension values of around 50–55
mN/m even at low dilution, indicating that removal of the lipids gave rise to a purely protein stabilised interface. Addition of salt to the dough had the greatest effect on the surface properties, both reducing surface tension and reducing surface elasticity, probably because the charge screening effect of the salt improved the dispersion of lipids in the dough liquor, thus enabling it to disrupt the protein films more effectively. These results indicate that the aqueous phase of bread doughs lining the gas cells would give rise to a mixed protein:lipid interface. Such interfaces are unstable, and would contribute to the instability of the foam structure of risen dough. In addition they show that dough ingredients may modify gas cell stability (and hence may affect crumb structure), by altering the composition and properties of the aqueous phase of doughs.
Isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were measured in the sera and upper respiratory tract secretions of vaccinated and susceptible cattle challenged with FMDV ...by direct contact or by intranasal inoculation. A comparison was made between cattle that eliminated FMDV and those that developed and maintained a persistent infection. Serological and mucosal antibody responses were detected in all animals after challenge. IgA and 1gM were detected before the development of IgG1 and IgG2 responses. 1gM was not detected in vaccinated cattle. Challenge with FMDV elicited a prolonged biphasic secretory antibody response in FMDV ‘carrier’ animals only. The response was detected as FMDVspecific IgA in both mucosal secretions and serum samples, which gained statistical significance (P < 0·05) by 5 weeks after challenge. This observation could represent the basis of a test to differentiate vaccinated and/or recovered convalescent cattle from FMDV ‘carriers’.
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