The aim of this work is to show a calculation procedure for obtaining estimations for the carbon footprint of 1 kg of live weight of ewe, ram and lamb at the farm gate, taking into account regional ...typological features of agricultural production in agroecosystems. The methodology of carbon footprint (CF) calculation is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology developed for agricultural products. Results revealed that in modern technology of sheep breeding, 21.41 kg CO2 e was emitted on average per kg of body weight of ewe, 19.13 kg CO2 е was emitted on average per kg of body weight of ram, 3.2 kg CO2 e was emitted on average per kg of body weight of lamb. The main distinction of Vojvodina province is the low efficiency of fertiliser application on crop fields and manure management, storage and utilisation, which has as a result high emissions of nitrous oxide. This is the field where the implementation of intensive technologies of precise farming, manure handling, utilisation and management will significantly decrease GHG emission, with preserving yield of crops and quantity and quality of sheep of all categories.
In almost all industrially developed regions of the Russian Federation, the soil is contaminated with heavy metals (HM) often in concentrations which exceed limits of safety. This contamination ...causes degradation of agricultural land, which underlines the importance of the complex continuous monitoring of the dynamics of on-going changes in urban ecosystems against the background of natural processes. Quantitative assessment of the environmental sustainability of the soil according to the biological indicators of its condition is of enormous importance, in particular the balance of microbial carbon in soils, which are under varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure. Experiments were carried out to determine the phytoremediation potential of the spring rapeseed plants on soil contaminated with heavy metals. The aim of the study was to assess the respiratory activity of albic luvisol at different levels of its contamination with zinc and nickel under the conditions of a growing experiment with spring rapeseed plants. The experimental data on the respiratory activity of soil artificially contaminated with zinc and nickel in the dose range of 400-800 and 30-60 mg kg-1 of soil respectively, showed that microbial activity had a strong positive correlation with the presence of spring rapeseed plants in the vessels and weak correlation on the presence of toxic elements in the soil. According to the respiratory activity of albic luvisol, it was found that in the first 13 days of vegetation, cultivation of spring rapeseed plants had a positive effect on the sustainability of soil microbiocenosis to complex pollution with zinc and nickel.
The loss of soil organic carbon stock and increased CO2 emission from soil are induced by various human activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether an anthropogenic influence during the ...regeneration of a pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) stand can affect the increment of CO2 emission from the soil. The research was carried out within three plots, out of which two were exposed to different degrees of anthropogenic influence. The air samples were collected using the soil respiratory chambers and analysed using the gas chromatograph Agilent 8890. Based on the obtained results, soil temperature and moisture as the most dominant drivers of the CO2 emission had different effects on the CO2 flux from soil depending on the intensity of anthropogenic influences and environmental conditions. Within the experimental plot with the significant soil alteration, a reliable positive correlation was detected for the CO2 flux with the soil temperature (r = 0.77, p < 0.05). High significant correlation was observed considering soil moisture (r = 0.85, p < 0.05) in the natural soil where the application of pesticides was conducted. The results showed that both soils that were exposed to the anthropogenic influences had notably higher values of the CO2 flux in comparison to the reference natural soil without anthropogenic impacts.
Rad u šumarstvu razumijeva sve ljudske aktivnosti koje su prijeko potrebne za obavljanje planiranih šumarskih poslova, a radi ostvarivanja dobrobiti od šume i šumskoga zemljišta. U skladu s tim šumarski radnici, tj. ljudi s potrebnim znanjima, vještinama i sposobnostima, uz odgovarajuća sredstva za rad i predmet rada predstavljaju temeljni čimbenik šumarske proizvodnje. Stručno osposobljeni, odgovorni, savjesni i motivirani šumarski radnici imaju odlučujuću ulogu u ostvarivanju uspješnih proizvodnih i poslovnih rezultata te čine neodvojivu sastavnicu u suvremenoj, općeprihvaćenoj paradigmi održivoga gospodarenja šumama. Međutim, danas u svijetu stalnih promjena šumarstvo se neprestano nalazi pred izazovom osiguranja kvalificirane i održive radne snage. Nedostatak šumarskih radnika postaje sve učestaliji problem u europskom i svjetskom šumarstvu, a razlog tomu su različiti globalni demografski, ekonomski, tehnološki i politički procesi, kao i specifičnosti samog sektora. U radu se stoga, uz opće značajke šumarskog rada prikazuju neki pokazatelji stanja i položaja radne snage u šumarstvu Europe i svijeta. Posebno se obrađuju aktualna pitanja i problemi u regrutiranju potrebne šumarske radne snage (nedostatak radnika, manjak interesa kod mladih ljudi, starenje postojeće radne snage, šumarski poduzetnici, neformalno zapošljavanje i sl.) te određeni alati i instrumenti važni za uspješno privlačenje i zadržavanje šumarskih radnika (razumijevanje motivacije, kompenzacije za rad, obrazovanje i trening radnika, nove tehnologije i sl.). Svrha rada se sastoji u pružanju podloga koje mogu biti važan doprinos u unapređenju stanja i održivosti radne snage u šumarstvu.
The paper presents analysis of soil spatial distribution and productivity of
Populus
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euramericana
I-214 forest cultures in forest management unit (hereinafter: FMU) Muzljanski rit. Soil cover in ...the FMU is heterogeneous in relation to position and altitude in floodplain. Analysis were conducted on eugley and humogley soil types. Eugley, soil type, was delineated according to physiologically active soil depth as α, β or β/γ gley soils and humogley was delineated as one soil unit. Cultures of the poplar clones
Populus
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I-214 are found on at least two but usually more different site types within the same forest management section (18.43 %). Single forest management section is a by definition a single forest spatial unit having similar ecologic factors. Aim of our research was to enable consistent forest section delineation, based on the interaction of soil productivity properties and distribution as well as
Populus x euramericana
I-214 productivity dataset. Based on our anaysis (spatial analysis of raster layers of soil systematic unit distribution-soil subunit, digital elevation model and productivity according to inner delineation of FMU Muzljanski rit), the resuts show eugley share in lower systematic soil unit. The results show contribution of lower systematic units of eugley in forest managemet section/culture. We found a raising trend of α and β-gley, as well as humogley. On one side the higher contribution of this sistematic units indicates reduction in the forest culture yield. On the other side higher contribution of
β/γ
gley
indicates an increase of culture yeald
.
The
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I-214 cultures are spatialy concentrated, extending over soil units with different characteristics, pointing in alternative economicaly justified section delineation, based on the soil types.
Razumijevanje produktivnosti drveća u gospodarskim jedinicama vezano je za poznavanje više stanišnih čimbenika. U radu se prikazuju istraživanja
s obzirom na rasprostranjenost tala, dajući im veću važnost u odnosu na
izbor klona, vodni režim, klimatske ekstreme, kao i postupak obnove nasada. Opravdanost navedenog pristupa je vezana za više provedenih istraživanja, u kojima je jedan od osnovnih čimbenika tip tla, a s njime
i odgovarajuća vrsta drveća.
Pregled prostorne rasprostranjenosti tala omogućeno je razvojem programskih paketa za prostornu analizu geoinformacijskih podataka. U radu je prikazana analiza prostorne raspodjele tala i produktivnosti nasada
Populus
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I-214 gospodarske jedinice (GJ) Mužljanski Rit. Definiranju rasprostranjenosti tala u GJ Mužlјanski rit prethodila je izrada modela terena. Model terena napravljen je na bazi osnovne državne karte (R 1:5000) za definiranje mikrorelјefa. Svaka poznata točka je osim vrijednosti na
x
i
y
osi, dobila vrijednost i na
z
osi. U programskom paketu ArcGIS je izvršena interpolacija, a rezultat je 3D model terena u GJ Mužljanski rit na površini od približno 1820 ha.
Na ovaj način je omogućena analizirati ekvidistance na 10 cm na prostoru gospodarske jedinice. Prostornom analizom su prema Klasifikaciji zemlјišta Jugoslavije (Škorić i sur., 1985) determinirani različiti tipovi i niže sistematske jedinice tala. Prethodno navedena klasifikacija je nadopunjena podjelom na fiziološki aktivnu dubinu profila prema Wildeu (1940), zbog pretpostavljene različite produktivnosti tala ovisno o vrsti stabala koja će se tamo uzgajati. Postupak je na ovaj način definirao područja niza i greda na prostoru čitave GJ, te je poslužio kao osnova za daljnje analize. Mrežom pedoloških profila su definirani tipovi tala. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je pokrov tla u istraživanoj GJ heterogen, te su kao tipovi tla determinirani euglej i humoglej. Podjela na niže sistematske jedinice kod eugleja je vezana za fiziološki aktivnu dubinu profila i to
na α, β ili β/γ glej (ograničavajući čimbenik je stagnacija podzemne vode u profilu). Posljedica je 18,43% nasada
Populus
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I-214 koji se nalazi na dvije ili više različitih vrsta sustavnih jedinica tala, unutar istog odsjeka, u dijelu šume koja tvori glavnu prostornu jedinicu sa sličnom ekologijom. Povećanje ili smanjenje udjela
sustavne jedinice tla dovodi do postizanja različite produktivnosti. U radu je utvrđena potreba podjele eugleja kao tipa tla na niže sistematske jedinice. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da trendovi povećanja udjela α i β-gleja u tlu, kao
i humogleja, utječu na smanjenje prinosa nasada
Populus
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euramericana
I-214, dok udio β/γ-gleja (u statističkoj značajnosti od 0,3745) pozitivno korelira s volumenom nasada
Populus
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I-214. Iz rezultata je također vidljivo da je mali udio α gleja (do 10%) dovoljan po površini odsjeka da bi doveo do smanjenja produktivnosti nasada
Populus x euramericana
I-214, dok je taj udio kod β-gleja nešto veći te ne bi trebao prelaziti 20%, odnosno najviše 30%.
Nasadi
Populus
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euramericana
I-214 prostorno su koncentrirani, što ukazuje na alternativnu ekonomski
održivu podjelu na temelju karakteristika tala uz izbor odgovarajuće vrste drveća. Na području niza je u najvećoj mjeri zastupljen euglej (fiziološki α i β glej) i potrebno ih je izbjegavati, budući da i mali udio navedenih sustavnih jedinica zemljišta bitno utječe na produktivnost, a posljedično i na sortimentne strukture nasada
Populus
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I-214. U najvećem broju slučajeva, kao zamjenska vrsta na humoglejevima
i fiziološki plićim sustavnim jedinicama bio bi hrast lužnjak kao stabilna i vitalna vrsta. Na osnovi prostornog rasprostranjenja tala to se vrlo jasno može definirati, a u konačnici se i ispunjavaju ostale funkcije šuma.
The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L., Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an
edible insect, distributed worldwide and a convenient candidate for
industrial-scale production. Mealworms could be ...commercially used for the
substitution of conventional protein sources. In our previous study, it was
found that T. molitor larvae predominantly contained crude protein (55.83%)
and crude fat (25.19%), as well as low content of nitrogen-free extract
(based on dry weight). Mealworm specimens were maintained in an incubator
under controlled conditions in plastic containers. Insects were sieved and
put into the container with boiling water and cooked for 180 seconds.
Moisture content was determined as weight loss after drying of larvae. Amino
acids were determined on an Agilent Technologies 1260 series HPLC system.
Fatty acid composition was determined on a Thermo Scientific TRACE 1300 gas
chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector using TR-FAME
column. The results showed that the content of unsaturated fatty acid is
very high, i.e. oleic acid (C18:1) formed the major lipid component in
40.83%, which was followed by linoleic acid (C18:2, omega-6 fatty acid) with
29.80% and linolenic acid (C18:3) with 1.08%. The essential amino acids are
highly represented in the samples (in % dry matter). This primarily refers
to isoleucine (4.12), tyrosine (3.86), phenylalanine (3.06), leucine (2.96),
lysine (2.67) and methionine (1.76). The differences in essential fatty and
amino acid content between our results and discussed literature data, could
be the consequence of different substrates used for rearing of insects.
After everything stated above, the biological value of T. molitor larvae
proves that it could be suitable as animal feed.
With an estimated rise in poultry production and consumption of chicken meat
in Russia by 9% up to 2022, as well as development of self-sustainable
poultry production, the need has arisen for ...environmental assessment of this
production, and within it especially greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission
assessment. The goal of this work is to show a calculation procedure for
obtaining estimations for the carbon footprint of the 1 kg of live chicken
at the farm gate, taking into account regional typological features of
agricultural production in agro-ecosystems. The methodology of carbon
footprint (CF) calculation is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA)
methodology, and on IAGRICO2 calculator, developed for agriculture products.
Results have shown that in modern technology of poultry farming, 5.79 kg CO2
? was emitted on average per kg of body mass, and that about 47% of emission
was from manure, around 27.5% from crop production (fuel and fertiliser) and
25.5% from fuel and energy needed for heating, sanitation and feeding of
chickens. The main distinction of Central Russia is low efficiency of the
fertiliser application on crop fields and manure management, storage and
utilisation, which has as a result high emissions of the nitrous oxide. This
is the field where the implementation of the intensive technologies of
precise farming, manure handling, utilisation and management will
significantly decrease GHG emission, with preserving yield of crops and
quantity and quality of chicken meat.
nema
Russia has a significant bio-energy potential and a large fund of land resources, so there is no competition between the cultivation of bio-energetic crops with basic food ones, as in case of the EU ...countries. There is a steady trend of further growth of bio-energetic crop's agroclimatic potential under condition of European part of Russia through the expansion of the agricultural zone to the north and east due to global climate change and the pressing in the agricultural turnover temporarily unused and fallow lands (up to 30 million hectares). The aim of these agroecological experiments was the determination of the phytoextraction capacity of two summer rape varieties with contrasting erucic acid contents in the seeds (0.1% and 20%) in conditions of Umbric Albeluvisols contamination with lead, cadmium and zinc. Maximum uptake coefficients of lead, cadmium and zinc by plants were estimated as 0.02; 1.97 and 3.10 respectively at the single treatment rates 550, 20 and 800 mg/kg soil, leading to 50% reduction of seed yield. Obtained experimental results demonstrated the possibility of combining the rapeseed cultivation for the bio-energy purpose with soil phytoremediation effect in case of contaminated and unproductive soils which are peculiar to areas with high population density and intensive industrial production.
Central Russia agroecosystem monitoring with CO2 fluxes analysis by eddy covariance method Meshalkina, Joulia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow; Yaroslavtsev, Alexis; Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University, Laboratory of Agroecological Monitoring, Ecosystem Modeling and Prediction, Moscow; Mazirov, Ilya; Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University, Laboratory of Agroecological Monitoring, Ecosystem Modeling and Prediction, Moscow ...
Eurasian journal of soil science,
07/2015, Letnik:
4, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The eddy covariance (EC) technique as a powerful statistics-based method of measurement and calculation the vertical turbulent fluxes of greenhouses gases within atmospheric boundary layers provides ...the continuous, long-term flux information integrated at the ecosystem scale. An attractive way to compare the agricultural practices influences on GHG fluxes is to divide a crop area into subplots managed in different ways. The research has been carried out in the Precision Farming Experimental Field of the Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University (RTSAU, Moscow) in 2013 under the support of RF Government grant # 11.G34.31.0079, EU grant # 603542 LUС4С (7FP) and RF Ministry of education and science grant # 14-120-14-4266-ScSh. Arable Umbric Albeluvisols have around 1% of SOC, 5.4 pH (KCl) and NPK medium-enhanced contents in sandy loam topsoil. The CO2 flux seasonal monitoring has been done by two eddy covariance stations located at the distance of 108 m. The LI-COR instrumental equipment was the same for the both stations. The stations differ only by current crop version: barley or vetch and oats. At both sites, diurnal patterns of NEE among different months were very similar in shape but varied slightly in amplitude. NEE values were about zero during spring time. CO2 fluxes have been intensified after crop emerging from values of 3 to 7 µmol/s∙m2 for emission, and from 5 to 20 µmol/s∙m2 for sink. Stabilization of the fluxes has come at achieving plants height of 10-12 cm. Average NEE was negative only in June and July. Maximum uptake was observed in June with average values about 8 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1. Although different kind of crops were planted on the fields A and B, GPP dynamics was quite similar for both sites: after reaching the peak values at the mid of June, GPP decreased from 4 to 0.5 g C CO2 m-2 d-1 at the end of July. The difference in crops harvesting time that was equal two weeks did not significantly influence the daily GPP patterns. Cumulative assimilation of CO2 at the end of the growing season was about 150 g C m−2 for both sites. So the difference in NEE was the consequence of essentially higher respiration rates in case of vetch and oats (about 350 g C m−2) comparing to barley (250 g C m−2) that needs additional research. The results have shown high daily and seasonal dynamic of CO2 emission too as a result of different and contrasted conditions: crop type, crop development stage, soil moisture and air temperature. Obtained unique for Russian agriculture data are useful for land-use practices environmental assessment, for soil organic carbon dynamics analysis and agroecological evaluation.
Global changes, triggered by increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, are the main problem of modern ecology. Soil is the main terrestrial reservoir of carbon, in both organic and ...inorganic forms. Forests are the major asset in carbon cycling and the mitigation of global climate change in the terrestrial ecosystem, because forest ecosystems in a temperate climate area are the major sink of CO2 from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide emission from the soil is the major component of greenhouse gas emission, as well as the main respiratory flux from most forest ecosystems. In circumstances of changed climate and increased frequency of extreme climate events, soil greenhouse gas emission from forest ecosystems is gaining more and more importance, having in mind that soil temperature is one of the main limitation factors of greenhouse gas emission from the soil. From the results obtained from the experiment it is evident that the unusually warm winter of 2019/20 had as a consequence higher emission of greenhouse gases from all three experimental plots. Differences in emission between plots and between days can be explained by three main factors: soil composition, temperature difference between days of sampling, and soil moisture content. With an increased frequency of extreme climate events, as a consequence of global climate changes, the occurrence of higher winter temperatures is expected to be more frequent in the future, affecting also higher emission of greenhouse gases from the soil.
A National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) is a multi-disciplinary body of national experts that provide evidence-based recommendations to policy-makers to assist them in making ...informed immunization policy and programme decisions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, NITAGs faced many challenges in making evidence-based recommendations for COVID-19 vaccines due to the rapidly evolving situation with new vaccine products available in a short time period and limited data on vaccine effectiveness. The authors reviewed the process used by Serbia's NITAG, which is called the Serbian Expert Committee on Immunization, to develop COVID-19 vaccine recommendations during the pandemic. The article examines the challenges and successes faced by the committee. Serbia's expert committee used the best available evidence to develop over forty recommendations on all aspects of COVID-19 vaccination. These expert committee recommendations facilitated the early procurement and successful roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, guidance for vaccination of individuals at the highest risk, and high COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the country. The availability of five COVID-19 vaccines in Serbia was an advantage for the successful roll-out but posed challenges for the expert committee. Serbia's expert committee plans to use the experience and best practices developed during the pandemic to improve and expand its work moving forward.
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