Queries for the presence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors are typically assessed through self-report. However, the reliability and validity of self-reported cardiovascular and ...cerebrovascular risk factors remain inconsistent in aging research.
To determine the reliability and validity of the most frequently self-reported vascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.
1,870 individuals aged 65 years or older among African Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and white non-Hispanic individuals were recruited as part of a community study of aging and dementia. We assessed the reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity, and percent agreement of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, in comparison with direct measures of blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and medication use. The analyses were subsequently stratified by age, sex, education, and ethnic group.
Reliability of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease was excellent. Agreement between self-reports and clinical measures was moderate for hypertension (kappa: 0.58), good for diabetes (kappa: 0.76-0.79), and moderate for heart disease (kappa: 0.45) differing slightly by age, sex, education, and ethnic group. Sensitivity and specificity for hypertension was 88.6% -78.1%, for diabetes was 87.7% -92.0% (HbA1c ≥6.5%) or 92.7% -92.8% (HbA1c ≥7%), and for heart disease was 85.8% -75.5%. Percent agreement of self-reported was 87.0% for hypertension, 91.6% -92.6% for diabetes, and 77.4% for heart disease.
Ascertainment of self-reported histories of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease are reliable and valid compared to direct measurements or medication use.
Self-standing binderless FAU-X monoliths with hierarchical trimodal porosity have been synthesized for the first time by a double pseudomorphic transformation. Parent silica monoliths obtained by the ...combination of spinodal decomposition and sol-gel process have first been synthesized. The silica monoliths have been then transformed into silica-alumina monoliths (0.25 < Al/Si < 0.40) in low NaOH concentration (NaOH = 0.24 mol/L) at 40 °C for 24 h. Silica-alumina monoliths have been then transformed into FAU-X monoliths featuring nanocrystals in the struts at high NaOH concentration (NaOH = 2.2 mol/L) with an aging step at 40 °C for 4 days and a crystallization step at 100 °C for 24 h. The FAU-X monoliths feature macropores with diameters adjustable from 3 to 20 μm (similar to the parent silica monolith). The skeleton of the FAU-X monoliths is formed by an aggregation of two populations of FAU-X nanocrystals (100–200 nm/400–500 nm) generating a secondary porosity between the nanocrystals of 30–1000 nm in diameter, centered at 300 nm. The FAU-X monoliths present three levels of porosity with a macropore volume of ca. 1.0 mL/g, a secondary pore volume of ca. 0.40 mL/g and a micropore volume of 0.30 mL/g. These new FAU-X monoliths with hierarchical porous structure fulfill the requirements of high performance adsorbents for continuous flow process intensification.
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•FAU-X monoliths with hierarchical macro-/meso-/microporosity.•Adjustable macropore diameter from 3 to 20 μm.•FAU-X nanocrystals to improve diffusion.•Shaping FAU-X without binders.•A new family of FAU-X for adsorption processes intensification.
Globally, disparities exist in retinoblastoma treatment outcomes between high- and low-income countries, but independent analysis of American countries is lacking. We report outcomes of American ...retinoblastoma patients and explore factors associated with survival and globe salvage.
Subanalysis of prospective cohort study data.
Multicenter analysis at 57 American treatment centers in 23 countries of varying economic levels (low income LIC, lower-middle income LMIC, upper-middle income UMIC, and high income HIC) of 491 treatment-naïve retinoblastoma patients diagnosed in 2017 and followed through 2020. Survival and globe salvage rates analyzed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models.
Of patients, 8 (1.6%), 58 (11.8%), 235 (47.9%), and 190 (38.7%) were from LIC, LMIC, UMIC, and HIC groups, respectively. Three-year survival rates in LICs were 60.0% (95% confidence interval CI 12.6-88.2) compared with 99.2% (95% CI 94.6%-99.9%) in HICs. Death was less likely in patients >4 years of age (vs ≤4 years, HR = 0.45 95% CI 0.27-0.78, P = .048). Patients with more advanced tumors (eg, cT3 vs cT1, HR = 4.65 × 109 95% CI 1.25 × 109-1.72 × 1010, P < .001) and females (vs males, HR = 1.98 95% CI 1.27-3.10, P = .04) were more likely to die. Three-year globe salvage rates were 13.3% (95% CI 5.1%-25.6%) in LMICs and 46.2% (95% CI 38.8%-53.3%) in HICs. At 3 years, 70.1% of cT1 eyes (95% CI 54.5%-81.2%) vs 8.9% of cT3 eyes (95% CI 5.5%-13.3%) were salvaged. Advanced tumor stage was associated with higher enucleation risk (eg, cT3 vs cT1, subhazard ratio = 4.98 95% CI 2.36-10.5, P < .001).
Disparities exist in survival and globe salvage in American countries based on economic level and tumor stage demonstrating a need for childhood cancer programs.
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