Lung cancers with a mutation in the
EGFR
gene have heightened sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Asian patients have been the most intensively studied population for such mutations and for ...responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study shows that large-scale screening for
EGFR
mutations in a European population is feasible and can influence decisions about treatment of advanced lung cancer.
This study shows that large-scale screening for
EGFR
mutations in a European population is feasible and can influence decisions about treatment of advanced lung cancer.
Molecular-profiling studies indicate that activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (
EGFR
),
PI3K
,
BRAF,
and
K-ras
genes are generally nonoverlapping and identifiable in approximately 40% of non–small-cell lung cancers. These mutations, plus others that contribute to tumor progression (“driver” mutations), can be found in almost half of all non–small-cell lung cancers.
1
,
2
The two proto-oncogenes that are most commonly mutated in pulmonary adenocarcinomas are
K-ras
and
EGFR
. Nearly 90% of lung-cancer–specific
EGFR
mutations comprise a leucine-to-arginine substitution at position 858 (L858R) and deletion mutants in exon 19 that affect the conserved sequence LREA (delE746-A750).
3
– . . .
Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence on a particular issue at the time of the writing process, with the aim of assisting health professionals in selecting the best management ...strategies for an individual patient with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk-benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines and recommendations should help health professionals to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive age women. Although its cardinal manifestations include hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and/or polycystic ...ovarian morphology, PCOS women often display also notable metabolic comorbidities. An array of pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in the etiology of this heterogeneous endocrine disorder; hyperandrogenism at various developmental periods is proposed as a major driver of the metabolic and reproductive perturbations associated with PCOS. However, the current understanding of the pathophysiology of PCOS-associated metabolic disease is incomplete, and therapeutic strategies used to manage this syndrome's metabolic complications remain limited.
This study is a systematic review of the potential etiopathogenic mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction frequently associated with PCOS, with special emphasis on the metabolic impact of androgen excess on different metabolic tissues and the brain. We also briefly summarize the therapeutic approaches currently available to manage metabolic perturbations linked to PCOS, highlighting current weaknesses and future directions.
Androgen excess plays a prominent role in the development of metabolic disturbances associated with PCOS, with a discernible impact on key peripheral metabolic tissues, including the adipose, liver, pancreas, and muscle, and very prominently the brain, contributing to the constellation of metabolic complications of PCOS, from obesity to insulin resistance. However, the current understanding of the pathogenic roles of hyperandrogenism in metabolic dysfunction of PCOS and the underlying mechanisms remain largely incomplete. In addition, the development of more efficient, even personalized therapeutic strategies for the metabolic management of PCOS patients persists as an unmet need that will certainly benefit from a better comprehension of the molecular basis of this heterogeneous syndrome.
A pulmonary hypertension (PH) registry (Spanish Registry of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension) was undertaken to analyse prevalence, incidence and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and ...chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in Spain, and to assess the applicability of recent survival prediction equations. Voluntary reporting of previously diagnosed and incident PAH or CTEPH cases (July 2007-June 2008) was performed. Demographic, functional and haemodynamic variables were evaluated. 866 patients with PAH and 162 with CTEPH were included. PAH associated with toxic oil syndrome and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease were reported for the first time in a PAH registry. Estimated prevalences were as follows: PAH, 16 and CTEPH, 3.2 cases per million adult inhabitants (MAI). Estimated incidences were as follows: PAH, 3.7 and CTEPH, 0.9 cases per MAI per yr. 1-, 3- and 5-yr survival was 87%, 75% and 65%, respectively, with no differences between PAH and CTEPH. Male sex, right atrial pressure and cardiac index were independent predictors of death. Matching between observed survival and that predicted by different equations was closer when the characteristics of the cohorts were similar. Epidemiology and survival of PAH patients in the Spanish registry are similar to recent registries. Characteristics of the population from which survival prediction equations are derived influence their applicability to a different cohort. CTEPH is much less prevalent than PAH, although has a similar survival rate.
In recent years, Federated Learning (FL) has gained relevance in training collaborative models without sharing sensitive data. Since its birth, Centralized FL (CFL) has been the most common approach ...in the literature, where a central entity creates a global model. However, a centralized approach leads to increased latency due to bottlenecks, heightened vulnerability to system failures, and trustworthiness concerns affecting the entity responsible for the global model creation. Decentralized Federated Learning (DFL) emerged to address these concerns by promoting decentralized model aggregation and minimizing reliance on centralized architectures. However, despite the work done in DFL, the literature has not (i) studied the main aspects differentiating DFL and CFL; (ii) analyzed DFL frameworks to create and evaluate new solutions; and (iii) reviewed application scenarios using DFL. Thus, this article identifies and analyzes the main fundamentals of DFL in terms of federation architectures, topologies, communication mechanisms, security approaches, and key performance indicators. Additionally, the paper at hand explores existing mechanisms to optimize critical DFL fundamentals. Then, the most relevant features of the current DFL frameworks are reviewed and compared. After that, it analyzes the most used DFL application scenarios, identifying solutions based on the fundamentals and frameworks previously defined. Finally, the evolution of existing DFL solutions is studied to provide a list of trends, lessons learned, and open challenges.
Most current models of research on emotion recognize
valence
(how pleasant a stimulus is) and
arousal
(the level of activation or intensity that a stimulus elicits) as important components in the ...classification of affective experiences (Barrett,
1998
; Kuppens, Tuerlinckx, Russell, & Barrett,
2012
). Here we present a set of norms for valence and arousal for a very large set of Spanish words, including items from a variety of frequencies, semantic categories, and parts of speech, including a subset of conjugated verbs. In this regard, we found that there were significant but very small differences between the ratings for conjugations of the same verb, validating the practice of applying the ratings for infinitives to all derived forms of the verb. Our norms show a high degree of reliability and are strongly correlated with those of Redondo, Fraga, Padrón, and Comesaña’s (
2007
) Spanish version of the influential Affective Norms for English Words (Bradley & Lang,
1999
), as well as those from Warriner, Kuperman, and Brysbaert (
2013
), the largest available set of emotional norms for English words. Additionally, we included measures of word prevalence—that is, the percentage of participants that knew a particular word—for each variable (Keuleers, Stevens, Mandera, & Brysbaert,
2015
). Our large set of norms in Spanish not only will facilitate the creation of stimuli and the analysis of texts in that language, but also will be useful for cross-language comparisons and research on emotional aspects of bilingualism. The norms can be downloaded and available as a
supplementary materials
to this article.
Running participation has increased significantly in the last decade. Despite its association with different health-related aspects, athletes may experience adverse outcomes, including injuries. The ...aim of this study was twofold: to examine the relationship between runners' resilience levels, motivation and incidence of injury, on the one hand; and to analyse the mediation that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has on the association between the number of injuries and psychological resilience levels among amateur athletes. The sample consisted of a total of 1725 runners (age: 40.40 ± 9.39 years), 1261 of whom were male (age: 43.16 ± 9.38), and 465 of whom were female (age: 40.34 ± 9.14). Athletes completed the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3), the Resilience scale (CD-RISC 10), and an Injury retrospective survey. Three mediation models were constructed, and the results showed a significant indirect association of athletes' intrinsic motivation and resilience on the number of injuries (β = 0.022, CI = 0.007, 0.0) in mediation model 1, whereas extrinsic motivation was found to have no significant association on those variables (β = -0.062, CI = -0.137, 0.009) in mediation model 2. Model 3 showed significant differences with respect to resilience (p < 0.05) and intrinsic motivation (p < 0.05). Therefore, the mediation of intrinsic motivation on athletes' resilience levels and incidence of injury was demonstrated, i.e., it was found that intrinsic motivation was associated with a higher incidence of injury, while no such correlation was found for extrinsic motivation. This study shows that the amateur long distance runners with a high level of intrinsic motivation tend to suffer from a greater number of injuries, and at the same time psychological resilience was associated with a lower number of injuries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Device fingerprinting combined with Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) report promising performance when detecting spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks. However, the amount of data ...needed to train models and the scenario privacy concerns limit the applicability of centralized ML/DL. Federated learning (FL) addresses these drawbacks but is vulnerable to adversarial participants and attacks. The literature has proposed countermeasures, but more effort is required to evaluate the performance of FL detecting SSDF attacks and their robustness against adversaries. Thus, the first contribution of this work is to create an FL-oriented dataset modeling the behavior of resource-constrained spectrum sensors affected by SSDF attacks. The second contribution is a pool of experiments analyzing the robustness of FL models according to i) three families of sensors, ii) eight SSDF attacks, iii) four FL scenarios dealing with anomaly detection and binary classification, iv) up to 33% of participants implementing data and model poisoning attacks, and v) four aggregation functions acting as anti-adversarial mechanisms. In conclusion, FL achieves promising performance when detecting SSDF attacks. Without anti-adversarial mechanisms, FL models are particularly vulnerable with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">></tex-math></inline-formula>16% of adversaries. Coordinate-wise-median is the best mitigation for anomaly detection, but binary classifiers are still affected with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">></tex-math></inline-formula>33% of adversaries.
Remote sensing of night light emissions in the visible band offers a unique opportunity to directly observe human activity from space. This has allowed a host of applications including mapping urban ...areas, estimating population and GDP, monitoring disasters and conflicts. More recently, remotely sensed night lights data have found use in understanding the environmental impacts of light emissions (light pollution), including their impacts on human health. In this review, we outline the historical development of night-time optical sensors up to the current state of the art sensors, highlight various applications of night light data, discuss the special challenges associated with remote sensing of night lights with a focus on the limitations of current sensors, and provide an outlook for the future of remote sensing of night lights. While the paper mainly focuses on space borne remote sensing, ground based sensing of night-time brightness for studies on astronomical and ecological light pollution, as well as for calibration and validation of space borne data, are also discussed. Although the development of night light sensors lags behind day-time sensors, we demonstrate that the field is in a stage of rapid development. The worldwide transition to LED lights poses a particular challenge for remote sensing of night lights, and strongly highlights the need for a new generation of space borne night lights instruments. This work shows that future sensors are needed to monitor temporal changes during the night (for example from a geostationary platform or constellation of satellites), and to better understand the angular patterns of light emission (roughly analogous to the BRDF in daylight sensing). Perhaps most importantly, we make the case that higher spatial resolution and multispectral sensors covering the range from blue to NIR are needed to more effectively identify lighting technologies, map urban functions, and monitor energy use.
•Remote sensing of night lights allows observation of human activity from space.•We provide a historical overview of the development of such night-time sensors.•We highlight various applications of remote sensing of night lights.•We discuss the special challenges associated with remote sensing of night lights.•We provide an outlook for the future of remote sensing of night lights.
Partial discharge (PD) measurements provide valuable information for assessing the condition of high voltage (HV) insulation systems, contributing to their quality assurance. Different PD measuring ...techniques have been developed in the last years specially designed to perform on-line measurements. Non-conventional PD methods operating in high frequency bands are usually used when this type of tests are carried out. In PD measurements the signal acquisition, the subsequent signal processing and the capability to obtain an accurate diagnosis are conditioned by the selection of a suitable detection technique and by the implementation of effective signal processing tools. This paper proposes an optimized electromagnetic detection method based on the combined use of wideband PD sensors for measurements performed in the HF and UHF frequency ranges, together with the implementation of powerful processing tools. The effectiveness of the measuring techniques proposed is demonstrated through an example, where several PD sources are measured simultaneously in a HV installation consisting of a cable system connected by a plug-in terminal to a gas insulated substation (GIS) compartment.
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