The Earth’s crust is exposed by tectonic processes and is not static over time. Modelling of the Earth’s surface velocities is of utmost importance for research in geodesy, geophysics, structural ...geology, and other geosciences. It may support positioning, navigation, seismic risk, and volcano notification services, for example. Space geodetic techniques can be used to provide high-quality velocities in a network of geodetic sites. Velocity field modelling should, however, expand the velocities from a discrete set of points to any location in-between. This paper presents four new methods for the Earth’s surface velocity interpolation. Contrary to the widely used approach dividing the velocity field to the horizontal and vertical components, a full 3D interpolation approach is proposed based on the Delaunay triangulation and the n-simplex interpolation. The use of a combination of all three components is advantageous for geophysical interpretation. The proposed interpolation approach is entirely local but enables global modelling, which does not suffer from map projection distortions and singularities at the poles. Various global and regional position/velocity datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed velocity interpolation methods. The latter provide practically the same results when applied to regional velocity field modelling. However, the so-called continuous piecewise quasi-radial 3D velocity field interpolation method is recommended for its favourable properties. It introduces an ellipsoidal Earth model, appropriately considers vertical/up and horizontal velocity components, tends to radial symmetry, and provides continuity for the interpolated velocity components as well as for the estimated uncertainties.
ITRF2000 ... je realizacija ITRS, ki temelji na tehnologijah vesoljske geodezije: GPS, VLBI, LLR, SLR in DORIS. ITRF2005 ... je realizacija ITRS, ki temelji na GPS, VLBI, SLR in DORIS. ITRF2008 ... ...je realizacija ITRS, ki temelji na GPS, VLBI, SLR in DORIS. ITRF2014 ... je realizacija ITRS, ki temelji na GPS, GLONASS, VLBI, SLR in DORIS. Koordinate in komponente vektorja hitrosti vsake točke program preveri pred izvedbo transformacije; morebitne točke, ki so zunaj definicijskega območja transformacije, pa v izhodno datoteko samo prepiše. 5UPORABA PROGRAMA ITRS-SI Program ITRS-SI je bil razvit v okolju MS Visual Studio 2017, v programskem jeziku Visual C++. Program zahteva operacijski sistem MS Windows, ki je novejši od Windows XP.
Program podpira štiri navedene geodetske datume (D96 EUREF, D96 SIGNAL, D96-17 in D17) in pretvorbe koordinat med štirimi koordinatnimi sistemi, in sicer geocentričnim kartezičnim (XYZ), geo- detskim ...(ХфЬ) ter dvema sestavljenima koordinatnima sistemoma - z elipsoidno višino kombiniranima ravninskima sistemoma, ki temeljita na prečni Mercatorjevi projekciji (TM+h in UTM+h). Točke imajo koordinate v D96 SIGNAL, če so bile določene med 21. decembrom 2007 in 1. januarjem 2020 z navezavo na omrežje SIGNAL oziroma z uporabo storitev omrežja SIGNAL. D96 EUREF ^ D17 ... prehod med geodetskima datumoma D96 EUREF in D17 je določen na podlagi 41 skrbno preverjenih EUREF-točk, ki so bile vključene v obe realizaciji ETRS89. RMS koordinat veznih točk pri optimalni togi transformaciji je 13 mm. D96 SIGNAL ^ D17 ... prehod med geodetskima datumoma D96 SIGNAL in D17 je določen na podlagi 15 skrbno preverjenih stalnih postaj omrežja SIGNAL, ki so bile vključene v obe realizaciji ETRS89.
Ta ?majhen korak za človeka, a velikanski skok za človeštvo? je bil storjen 20. julija 1969, ko sta Neil Armstrong in Edwin Aldrin v lunarnem modulu Eagle (tj. Za primerjavo: tirnice (orbite) ...evropskih satelitov GOCE za merjenje Zemljinega težnostnega polja so na višini približno 255 kilometrov, tirnica Mednarodne vesoljske postaje (slika 5) je na višini približno 400 kilometrov, sateliti Iridium (satelitska telefonija) so na višini približno 780 kilometrov, tirnice geodetsko-geodinamičnih satelitov LAGEOS (slika 8, levo) so na višini približno 5900 kilometrov, ruski navigacijski sateliti GLONASS krožijo na višini približno 19.100 kilometrov, ameriški GPS na višini približno 20.200 kilometrov in evropski Galileo (slika 8, desno) na višini približno 23.200 kilometrov. Tovrstni ameriški programi so bili Vanguard v letih 1957-1959, Pioneer (1958-1978), Explorer (od 1958), Ranger (1961-1965), Mariner (1962-1973), Lunar Orbiter (1966-1967) in Surveyor (1966-1968). Nekateri izmed omenjenih vesoljskih programov, na primer Pioneer, Explorer, Mariner in Zond, so se usmerili tudi proti drugim planetom in njihovim lunam, predvsem za raziskovanje drugih planetov sta bila zasnovana še ameriška programa Viking (1975) z odpravama na Mars ter Voyager (1977) z odpravama proti zunanjim planetom našega Osončja. 2.2Prvi umetni sateliti Pričetek prave vesoljske tekme med ZDA in SZ je zaznamoval prvi Zemljin umetni satelit Sputnik 1 (tj.
Navkljub častitljivi tradiciji zemljemerstva - spomnimo se agrimenzorjev iz obdobja antike - je tudi na svetovni ravni zelo malo ulic, ki bi bile posvečene geodetom oziroma zemljemercem. A na njegovo ...pobudo je cesar Franc Jožef odredil ponovno merjenje celotne monarhije in izmera za izdelavo kart v merilu 1 : 25.000, ki jo je izvedel dunajskí Vojaški geografski inštitut, je znana tudi kot Kuhnova izmera (nem. Utemeljitev komisije za poimenovanja in evidentiranja naselij, ulic in stavb v mestni občini Ljubljana za preimenovanje ulice v Zemljemersko je seveda slonela na tem, da sta imeli takrat na njej sedež dve pomembni geodetski instituciji, in sicer Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije ter Geodetski zavod Slovenije - oba na naslovu Zemljemerska ulica 12 (slika 3).
Tokrat sta bila dodana dva nova referenčna koordinatna sistema in dve novi transformaciji, in sicer kot podpora uvajanju trirazsežnostnih (3R) prostorskih podatkovnih zbirk. 2 NOVE EPSG-KODE Oba na ...novo določena referenčna koordinatna sistema temeljita na že obstoječih in sta torej sestavljena referenčna koordinatna sistema (angl. compound coordinate reference system), ki vključujeta tako horizontalno kot tudi vertikalno sestavino prostorskega referenčnega koordinatnega sistema. GFZ Data Services. Open Access to Regional Geoid Models: The International Service for the Geoid.
This paper discusses methodological problems of accurate area determination in the cadaster. The paper contrasts the ambiguous legal definition of the parcel boundary and parcel area in relation to ...the theoretically well-defined geodetic parcel boundary and the geodetic parcel area on the reference ellipsoid. To align with the real world, parcel area must account for terrain elevation. Various approximate methods for area determination which can be used in the cadaster are tested. A highly accurate method for parcel area computation is proposed, based on an equal-area projection. Considering the geodetic parcel area as a reference, the achievable accuracy of different methods is evaluated. For this analysis, the coordinates of the parcel boundary points are treated as error-free. Finally, the relevance of various systematic errors is discussed in relation to the statistical uncertainty of the parcel area, which could be gained by an a real-time kinematic GNSS survey. A case study is presented for the territory of Slovenia, its georeferencing rules, land demarcation pattern, and characteristics of its topography. Based on the results of this study, some general recommendations for the parcel area determination are given.
The current Slovenian terrestrial reference frame (D96-17) is a static frame based on GNSS technology. An additional transformation connecting it with the new realisation of ETRS89 accepted by EUREF ...(D17) gives the D96-17 a specific character. In order to ensure a high-quality national terrestrial reference frame, connection to the current realisation of ITRS is needed. This change is particularly important in the light of the intended transition to the semi-kinematic terrestrial reference frame, supported by a national geo-kinematic model. Transformations between the current national and international terrestrial reference frames are discussed in detail in the present paper. Processes, equations, and parameters of datum transformations are given in both directions (forward and inverse), step-by-step and direct ones, rigorous and simplified (approximate). Furthermore, an analysis of coordinate differences between current Slovenian and international terrestrial reference frames and an analysis of coordinate errors for various simplifications of transformation between both reference frames are given. This allows users to choose an optimal transformation solution to meet their requirements. The role and importance of transformations under consideration in the positioning procedures and the precise navigation are also addressed.
Transformations between the current national and international terrestrial reference frames are discussed in detail in the present paper. Furthermore, an analysis of coordinate differences between ...current Slovenian and international terrestrial reference frames and an analysis of coordinate errors for various simplifications of transformation between both reference frames are given. Mednarodna zveza za geodezijo - IAG (International Association of Geodesy) pa daje prednost terminoma terestrični referenčni sistem - TRS (angl. terrestrial reference system) in terestrični referenčni sestav - TRF (angl. terrestrial reference frame), ki je konkretna realizacija prvega. Za »TRF, epoha t« je v nadaljevanju uporabljen krajši zapis TRF@t. Mednarodni terestrični referenčni sistem - ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) je sistem s središčem v težišču Zemlje (geocentričen); začetno orientacijo v epohi 1984,0 je podal Mednarodni urad za čas - BIH (Bureau International de l'Heure) in se za vsakokratno novo realizacijo ohranja ob pogoju, da se sistem ne vrti (angl. no-net-rotation condition), pri čemer se upoštevajo tektonska dogajanja na celotni Zemlji (Petit in Luzum, 2010, str. 34).
The current Slovenian terrestrial reference frame (D96-17) is a static frame based on GNSS technology. An additional transformation connecting it with the new realisation of ETRS89 accepted by EUREF ...(D17) gives the D96-17 a specific character. In order to ensure a high-quality national terrestrial reference frame, connection to the current realisation of ITRS is needed. This change is particularly important in the light of the intended transition to the semi-kinematic terrestrial reference frame, supported by a national geo-kinematic model. Transformations between the current national and international terrestrial reference frames are discussed in detail in the present paper. Processes, equations, and parameters of datum transformations are given in both directions (forward and inverse), step-by-step and direct ones, rigorous and simplified (approximate). Furthermore, an analysis of coordinate differences between current Slovenian and international terrestrial reference frames and an analysis of coordinate errors for various simplifications of transformation between both reference frames are given. This allows users to choose an optimal transformation solution to meet their requirements. The role and importance of transformations under consideration in the positioning procedures and the precise navigation are also addressed.
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