It has been claimed that there is a lack of theory-driven constructs and a lack of cross-country comparability in International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA)’s socio-economic background scales. To ...address these issues, a new socio-economic background scale was created based on Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction theory, which distinguishes economic, cultural and social capital. Secondly, measurement invariance of this construct was tested across countries participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). After dividing the countries which participated in PISA 2015 into three groups, i.e., Latin American, European, and Asian, a Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis was carried out in order to examine the measurement invariance of this new socio-economic scale.
The results of this study revealed that this questionnaire, which measures the socio-economic background, was not found to be utterly invariant in the analysis involving all countries. However, when analysing more homogenous groups, measurement invariance was verified at the metric level, except for the group of Latin American countries. Further, implications for policymakers and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
This article presents the process of design, construction, application and lessons learned regarding a software tool that aims to be a support for programming activities, which is intended to support ...educational activities in areas of programming for people with motor disabilities, particularly with paresis (partial paralysis or weakening of muscle contractility), localized paralysis in arms, wrists or quadriplegia. The software functions are based on a set of instructions entered through voice commands, identified by reserved words, which allows the tool to differentiate language instructions and commands. The prototype of the tool was built and called Mancodev, in its first version with support for the JavaScript programming language. It was subjected to two tests: the first consisted of validating the software using disabled users. Five beginner’s level programming participants completed a practice session and contributed their opinions, weaknesses and strengths. Subsequently, Mancodev was subjected to a second test, this time with the participation of ten university students from careers related to the programming area; in order to obtain feedback on the functionality of the tool from the point of view of an experienced programmer, the benefits and disadvantages detected were taken into account. In conclusion, the tests were considered positive because they allowed knowing the behavior of the tool, revealing some failures and opportunities, allowing to strengthen the prototype in future updates.
This article presents research results in which the transformations in the social representations of peace of a group of university students who participated in a Cátedra de Paz were analyzed. To ...identify the changes in the representations, interrogative and associative techniques were used at the beginning and at the end of the experience. The results were organized into three categories of representations: conflict, violence, and peace. The findings show a transition between the idea of negative peace, towards a positive peace and a holistic peace, developed with active, dialogical and creative methodologies. It is concluded that: i) the Cátedra de Paz favors the development of a culture of peace, an essential element to fulfillment the Peace Agreement. ii) Social representations around conflict, violence and peace can be transformed through the training spaces offered by the Cátedra de Paz, therefore, all higher education institutions should implement it.
Este artículo analiza las transformaciones en las representaciones sociales sobre la paz de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios en Colombia. Para identificar los cambios en las representaciones, se usaron técnicas interrogativas y asociativas al inicio y al final de la experiencia. Los resultados se organizaron en tres categorías de representaciones: conflicto, violencia y paz. Los hallazgos evidencian una transición entre la idea de la paz negativa, hacia una paz positiva y una paz holística, desarrollada con metodologías activas, dialógicas y creativas. Se concluye que: i) la Cátedra de Paz favorece el desarrollo de una cultura de paz, elemento esencial para el cumplir el Acuerdo de Paz. ii) Las representaciones sociales en torno al conflicto, violencia y paz se pueden transformar a través de los espacios de formación que ofrece la Cátedra de Paz, por ello, todas las instituciones de educación superior colombianas deberían implementarla.
European countries were economically and politically separated during the Cold War, but since its end processes of globalization and the formation of the European Union have contributed to blur the ...borders. Previous studies suggest that the social transformations have affected differently civic participation of youths, but shortage of more recent data has precluded researchers from examining the differences in a country-comparative fashion. Along these lines, this paper has two main objectives: to explore the differences in the levels of expected civic participation across Europe, and to evaluate the fit of a theoretical model of civic participation in regard to the different points in time their democracies were established. To achieve these goals, data from 22 European educational systems (9 post-communist and 13 established democracies) participating in the International Civic and Citizenship Study (2009) conducted by International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement is used. The results, in accordance with the literature, suggest differentiated patterns of future civic participation between the new and established democracies, but they are not that clear, suggesting that convergence between the two groups is ongoing. However, the tested empirical model of civic participation functions in a better way in the established than in the new democracies. In contrast with previous findings, differences in levels of expected civic participation seem to be related not only with the countries' experience with democracy, but also with their cultural similarities and common history.
Participation in child labour, in both household and non-household activities, gender effects and low educational attainment remain challenges for countries in Latin America. Through hierarchical ...linear modelling of data from the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this study seeks to explore the current cross-country trends in the relationship between educational attainment, child labour and gender. While non-household labour is found to have an effect, as per statistical significance and the magnitude, on educational achievement across all Latin American countries; participation in household labour is significant in only two countries (Peru and Uruguay). Girls are found to underperform compared to boys by a significant margin across Latin America. The later part of the study seeks to examine the interaction effects of gender and participation in labour activities. Results show that gender has no moderating effect, suggesting that participation in work itself or workspace (household or non-household) does not influence or contribute to gender inequality in education outcomes. The explanatory factors for gender inequality in education outcomes are potentially rooted in a different sphere of influence which needs to be deciphered through deeper empirical investigation.
Contextualización: La bahía de Tumaco es potencialmente receptora de residuos domésticos, lo que conlleva a que diferentes contaminantes como los microplásticos (<5mm) se acumulen en los sedimentos ...marinos. Vacío de conocimiento: En el Pacifico colombiano no se ha explorado como la emergencia sanitaria (COVID-19) afectó los patrones de contaminación de microplásticos en sedimentos marinos antes, durante y después de esta. Propósito: El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la presencia, características y variación espaciotemporal de la contaminación por microplásticos (MP) durante los años 2020 y 2021 en la zona interna y externa de la bahía de Tumaco y si ello tuvo alguna relación con la cercanía a la zona costera, la desembocadura de los ríos y el COVID-19. Metodología: Se recolectaron muestras de microplásticos en la zona interna y externa de la bahía de Tumaco, durante las épocas de lluvia y seca en los años 2020 y 2021. Resultados y conclusiones: Resultados y conclusiones: La contaminación por MP fue predominante en la zona interna (721.37 ± 175.96 partículas/kg). A sí mismo; la época de lluvia presentó la mayor contaminación por microplásticos (928.73 ± 220.20 partículas/kg) mientras que la menor se observó en la época seca (440.78 ± 101.54 partículas/kg). Finalmente, se evidencio una disminución de MP de un año a otro, siendo marzo durante la época de lluvia de 2020, el que presentó la mayor contaminación con un promedio de 1543.55 ± 362.92 partículas/kg, este patrón se debe posiblemente a la disminución del turismo en la bahía de Tumaco por la emergencia sanitaria que comenzó en Colombia a mediados de marzo del año 2020 y que se presentó a nivel mundial.
Contextualization: Tumaco bay is potentially a recipient of domestic water, which leads to different contaminats such as microplastics (<5mm) accumulating in marine sediments. Knowledge gap: In the Colombian Pacific, it has not been explored how the sanitary emergency (COVID-19) affected the patterns of microplastic contamination in marine sediments before, during and after the emergency. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the presence, characteristics, and spatiotemporal variation of microplastic (MP) contamination during the years 2020 and 2021 in the internal and external zone of tumaco bay and whether this had any relationship with the proximity to the coastal zone, river mouths and COVID-19. Methodology: Microplastic samples were collected in the internal and external zone of Tumaco bay , during the rainy and dry seasons in the years 2020 and 2021 Results and conclusions: MP contamination was predominant in the internal zone (721.37 ± 175.96 particles/kg). Likewise, the rainy season presented the highest contamination by microplastics (928.73 ± 220.20 particles/kg) while the lowest was observed in the dry season (440.78 ± 101.54 particles/kg). Finally, there was a decrease in MP from one year to another, being March during the rainy season of 2020, the one that presented the highest contamination with an average of 1543.55 ± 362.92 particles/kg, this pattern is possibly due to the decrease of tourism in the bay of Tumaco due to the sanitary emergency that began in middle of March 2020 in Colombia and that occurred worldwide.
Attitudes toward gender equality are critical to citizenship outcomes because they can promote more egalitarian living conditions. Evidence suggests that attitudes that oppose equal rights between ...men and women are negatively related to gender equality. Moreover, these attitudes may reproduce stereotypes among youth that limit young women’s opportunities and lead to risky behaviours, especially among young men. However, knowledge about adherence to gender attitudes among adolescents is still scarce in Latin America. This study attempts to identify profiles of compliance with attitudes gender equity attitudes in five Latin American countries: Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru. A Simultaneous Latent Class Analysis across Groups analysis was conducted using the Students’ endorsement of gender equality scale from IEA’s International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS), an analytical approach that allows comparing different contexts using a structurally equivalent (homogeneous) model. We identified four different profiles based on the items included in the analysis, with varying prevalence levels in every country analysed. These profiles are fully egalitarians, normative sexists, hesitant egalitarians, and political sexists. This paper’s relevance lies on the idea that active citizens need understanding concepts, principles, and skills to be responsible and thoughtful but also committed to democratic values. In this scenario, it is essential to understand the current state of adherence to gender equity to construct fairer and more inclusive societies.
Las evaluaciones internacionales a gran escala (conocidas por sus siglas en inglés como ILSA) son una invaluable herramienta para la mejora de nuestros sistemas educativos, pero que conllevan también ...importantes riesgos. Si bien, las limitaciones y retos discutidos en este monografico no hacen que los ILSAs sean inherentemente problemáticos, existen motivos para mantenernos atentos al diseño de las evaluaciones y al uso de la evidencia que resulta de ellas, para determinar de qué manera podemos optimizar el uso de la información que producen...
El documento tiene como objetivo evaluar la relación entre la movilidad laboral y el contagio como las defunciones causadas por Covid-19 entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Se seleccionan tres Zonas ...Metropolitanas ubicadas en el centro y occidente de México. Para realizar esta relación nos apoyamos en la Encuesta Intercensal de 2015 y la información derivada de la base de datos de la Secretaría de Salud en México con indicadores diarios sobre el padecimiento. Al procesar los datos de ambas fuentes de información, se obtienen valores positivos al aplicar una correla-ción de Pearson con la mayoría de las variables introducidas en el análisis. Los casos más desta-cados tienen que ver con las personas que se trasladan a laborar dentro del mismo municipio de residencia, todos muestran valores significativos. Como segundo resultado a destacar (con pocas probabilidades de contagiarse o fallecer), es importante el papel que juega la población que se traslada a laborar en bicicleta
Se analiza el control biopolítico al solicitante de asilo en la UE que efectúan tres mecanismos jurídicos: Frontex, Eurodac y Reglamento Dublín, y las prácticas de resistencia de los inmigrantes ante ...este control. Metodológicamente se implementó una revisión documental teórica sobre biopolítica y una encuesta a 1 478 solicitantes de asilo en España entre 2021 y 2023. Se concluye que esta población reúne los elementos que caracterizan al Homo sacer y que, en respuesta a esto, profanan los dispositivos de control estudiados, lo que genera una forma-de-vida en comunidad que extrapola sus propias reglas a la ley, como plantea Agamben. Sin embargo, se demuestra que esta vida extralegal es transitoria y por lo tanto no coincide con el ideal de altísima pobreza agambeniano, sino que deja ver sus dificultades prácticas. Se proponen las bases de una ética de la acción ajustada a la realidad del inmigrante, que va más allá de la forma-de-vida agambeniana.
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