The neotropical biogeographic zone is a ‘hot spot’ of global biodiversity, especially for insects. Fungal pathogens of insects appear to track this diversity. However, the integration of this unique ...component of fungal diversity into molecular phylogenetic analyses remains sparse. The entomopathogenic fungal genus Ophiocordyceps is species rich in this region with the first descriptions dating to the early nineteenth century. In this study, material from various ecosystems throughout Colombia and Ecuador was examined. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear loci including SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 were conducted alongside a morphological evaluation. Thirty-five specimens were examined representing fifteen different species of Ophiocordyceps, and five new species, Ophiocordyceps blattarioides, Ophiocordyceps tiputini, Ophiocordyceps araracuarensis, Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila, and Ophiocordyceps evansii, were described. An accurate identification of the host allowed us to conclude that host identity and host habitat are positively correlated with phylogenetic species of Ophiocordyceps and are probably strong drivers for speciation of neotropical entomopathogenic fungi.
•Molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted for 33 specimens from the neotropics.•Five new species were described and four nomenclatural novelties reported from the Amazon.•New molecular data were archived for 15 previously described species from the Amazon subregion.•A high diversity of Ophiocordyceps species was found, displaying a broad range of host affiliations.•The phylogeny of Amazonian Ophiocordyceps reveals strong evidence for host jumping.
The ending of dual nomenclatural systems for pleomorphic fungi in 2011 requires the reconciliation of competing names, ideally linked through culture based or molecular methods. The phylogenetic ...systematics of
and its many genera have received extensive study in the last two decades, however resolution of competing names in
has not yet been addressed. Here we present a molecular phylogenetic investigation of
that enables identification of competing names in this family, and provides the basis upon which these names can be maintained or suppressed. The taxonomy presented here seeks to harmonize competing names by principles of priority, recognition of monophyletic groups, and the practical usage of affected taxa. In total, we propose maintaining nine generic names,
and
and the rejection of eight generic names,
,
,
,
and
. Two new generic names,
and
, and a new species,
, are described. New combinations are also proposed in the genera
and
This study explores the biotechnological potential of lignocellulolytic fungi collected in an oak forest. Fungal collections were obtained from natural reserves located in Boyacá-Colombia, ranging ...from 2700 to 3000 m.a.s.l. Twenty-three strains were isolated on malt agar, molecular characterization was performed, and ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymatic activities were screened. Several white-rot fungi of biotechnological importance were identified as follows:
Trametes
sp.,
Trametes versicolor
,
Trametes villosa
,
Pycnoporus sanguineus
,
Bjerkandera adjusta
,
Lentinula boryana
,
Panus conchatus
,
Antrodia neotropica
,
Brunneoporus malicola
,
Laetiporus gilbertsonii
,
Stereum
sp
.
,
Ganoderma
sp., and
Dichomitus
sp
.
The strains
T. versicolor
0554 and 0583,
T. villosa
0562, and
B. adusta
0556 showed the highest response in the qualitative enzymatic assays. These strains were used to determine their ability to decolorate the dyes aniline blue and Congo red, and it was found that
T. villosa
0562 reached a level of decolorization close to 90% after 48 h of submerged culture. The fungal strains obtained here could offer alternatives to develop a process to accomplish sustainable development objectives.
Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. Within the genus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis is the most coveted and expensive ...species in China. Nevertheless, harvesting wild specimens has become a challenge given that natural populations of the fungus are decreasing and because large-scale culture of it has not yet been achieved. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. In this study, we propose a new species, Cordyceps nidus, which parasitizes underground nests of trapdoor spiders. This species is phylogenetically related to Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps pruinosa, and a sibling species of Cordyceps caloceroides. It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. We also investigated the medicinal potential of this fungus based on its biochemical properties when grown on four different culture media. The metabolic profile particularly that of nucleosides, in polar and non-polar extracts was determined by UPLC, and then correlated to their antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content. The metabolome showed a high and significant dependency on the substrate used for fungal growth. The mass intensities of nucleosides and derivative compounds were higher in natural culture media in comparison to artificial culture media. Among these compounds, cordycepin was the predominant, showing the potential use of this species as an alternative to O. sinensis. Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The presence of polyphenols opens the possibility of further exploring the antioxidant capacity and the conditions that may enhance this characteristic. The metabolic composition and biochemical activity indicate potential use of C. nidus in pharmaceutical applications.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The phylogeny and systematics of cordycipitoid fungi have been extensively studied in the last two decades. However, systematic positions of some taxa in the family Cordycipitaceae have not yet been ...thoroughly resolved. In this study, a new phylogenetic framework of Cordycipitaceae is reconstructed using multigene (nr
SSU
, nr
LSU, tef-1α, rpb1
and
rpb2
) sequence data with large-scale taxon sampling. In addition, ITS sequence data of species belonging to the
Lecanicillium
lineage in the family Cordycipitaceae are used to further determine their phylogenetic placements. Based on molecular phylogenetic data together with morphological evidence, two new genera (
Flavocillium
and
Liangia
), 16 new species and four new combinations are introduced. In the new genus
Flavocillium
, one new species
F. bifurcatum
and three new combinations previously described as
Lecanicillium
, namely
F. acerosium, F. primulinium
and
F. subprimulinium
, are proposed
.
The genus
Liangia
is built by the new species
Lia. sinensis
with
Lecanicillium-
like asexual morph, isolated from an entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria yunnanensis
. Due to the absence of
Paecilomyces hepiali
, an economically and medically significant fungus, in the earlier phylogenetic analyses, its systematic position has been puzzling in both business and academic communities for a long time. Here,
P. hepiali
is recharacterized using the holotype material along with seven additional samples. It is assigned to the genus
Samsoniella
(Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) possessing
Cordyceps
-like sexual morph and
Isaria-
like asexual morph, and thus a new combination, namely
S. hepiali
is proposed
.
An additional nine new species in
Samsoniella
are described:
S. alpina, S. antleroides, S. cardinalis, S. cristata, S. lanmaoa, S. kunmingensis
,
S. ramosa, S. tortricidae
and
S. yunnanensis.
Four new species in
Cordyceps
are described:
C. chaetoclavata, C. cocoonihabita, C. shuifuensis
and
C. subtenuipes
.
Simplicillium yunnanense
, isolated from synnemata of
Akanthomyces waltergamsii
, is described as a new species.
O objetivo desse artigo é analisar como os sites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde da Paraíba, Bahia, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul disponibilizam informações sobre a política de medicamentos ...brasileira para os usuários do SUS. Com base em uma metodologia qualitativa, observa-se uma variedade de formas de organização e apresentação das informações estruturadas em uma linguagem predominantemente técnica, em desacordo com o nível de instrução da população, em oposição à uma comunicação pública que deve ser, segundo a norma legal, acessível e compreensível por gestores, profisionais e atores da sociedade civil, superando o linguajar do corpo técnico-burocrático para que a política pública seja apropriada pela sociedade. Ao identifiar uma distância existente entre lei e realidade, conclui-se enunciando limites e desafis a serem superados pelos agentes políticos no aprofundamento e desenvolvimento de metodologias voltadas para a qualidade do acesso às informações da política pública de medicamentos pela população.
The ecological role and potential management of arthropod-pathogenic fungi (APF) in neotropical forests are of great importance, but they are still little studied. The present study achieves a first ...estimation of diversity patterns, structure and local ecology of APF in the Amazonian forests of the Cusco and Madre de Dios regions in southern Peru. We sampled 39 localities in five basins, examining 277 specimens, four families and 20 genera with 82 species (40% morphospecies). The most diverse families were Cordycipitaceae with 51 species and Ophiocordicipitaceae (22). Cusco obtained a greater diversity: four families, 18 genera and 58 morphospecies, with the Urubamba and Amarumayu basins having greater diversity (31 and 20 species); for the Madre de Dios basin, there was 28 species. In both regions, the richness values were corroborated by Fisher’s Alpha and Chao-1 indexes, the latter identifies Amarumayu and Araza with maximum values. The NMDS analysis showed a good pattern of separation of the two APF communities, although an important group was shared. Elevation was identified as the environmental variable with the strongest influence on diversity and structure. The dominance analysis identified Ophiocordyceps australis and Paraisaria amazonica as hyperdominant, due to their density and distribution. The local ecological patterns in Pongo de Qoñec show that the richness of entomopathogens is largely favored by low understory light, associated with pristine or little-impacted habitats. We conclude that this first approximation of the knowledge of the high diversity of APF in southern Peru is still insufficient, but it demonstrates the importance of their conservation and represents enormous potential for sustainable management.
O presente trabalho objetivou realizar uma breve análise da rede de atores e correlações das forças de poder constituintes na política da assistência farmacêutica. A metodologia se deu a partir da ...teoria da ação pública, na qual, as políticas são constituídas através da construção dinâmica da interação de diversos atores sociais, públicos ou privados. Para a análise da correlação de forças, partiu-se da definição do verbete Poder, que em relação ao estudo da política é o que uma pessoa ou grupo tem ou exerce sobre outra pessoa ou grupo, e como fenômeno social, o Poder é uma relação entre os homens. Desse modo, foi realizado o mapeamento dos grupos de atores que integram a rede da Assistência Farmacêutica, e as relações de influências exercidos por cada um dos grupos. Foram identificados 5 principais grupos que atuam mais diretamente na referida política: médicos, gestores\governo, população\associação de pacientes, indústria farmacêutica e academia\pesquisadores. De forma geral, cada grupo tende a exercer poder nos seus interesses individuais. Estes podem ser confluentes com a de outros grupos, porém tendem a ser conflitantes na perspectiva de exercer maior influência na objetivação de seus interesses na política. A análise da rede no campo da saúde configura como extrema importância para o desenvolvimento e implementação de políticas públicas, uma vez que torna possível a identificação e correlação de forças que podem interferir na efetividade da mesma.
Cordyceps tenuipes is an entomopathogenic fungus that infects mostly pupae of several lepidopteran families. In Colombia the species has been reported in non-disturbed tropical rain forests and more ...recently in butterfly gardens. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity in populations of C. tenuipes present in natural (forests) and artificial (e.g. butterfly gardens) environments in the department of Quindío, Colombia, using three molecular nuclear markers ITS, TEF-1α and RPB1. All the samples evaluated corresponded morphologically and phylogenetically to C. tenuipes. The butterfly garden of Quindio Botanical Garden (QBG) showed the highest genetic diversity among all sampling localities and was very similar to that of its adjacent forest. The Amaranta Butterfly Garden (ABG), located north of QBG, showed lower genetic diversity as well as little genetic differentiation with QBG, consistent with the hypothesis of a pathogen transfer from QBG to ABG. Higher FST values were observed for TEF-1α and ITS, revealing genetic differentiation between all demes and the southern forest population. Our research constitutes the first study of the intraspecific diversity of C. tenuipes in Colombia and can serve as the first step in identifying diversity reservoirs and management of epizootic episodes caused by this fungal species.
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•Cordyceps tenuipes was the species causing the epizootic episode in the Quindio region.•Multiple genotypes were present in the Botanical Gardens, indicating multiple introductions.•Genetic data supported Quindio B. Garden as main source for Amaranta B. Garden population.
In the Amazon the only described species of Cordyceps sensu stricto (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) that parasitize insects of Orthopterida (orders Orthoptera and Phasmida) are Cordyceps locustiphila ...and C. uleana. However, the type specimens for both taxa have been lost and the concepts of these species are uncertain. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the systematics of these species, collections of Cordyceps from the Amazon regions of Colombia, Ecuador and Guyana were subjected to morphological, ecological and molecular phylogenetic studies. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on partial sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 nuclear loci. Two new species are proposed including C. diapheromeriphila, a parasite of Phasmida, and C. acridophila, a parasite of the superfamily Acridomorpha (Orthoptera), which is broadly distributed across the Amazon. For C. locustiphila a lectotypification and an epitypification are made. Cordyceps locustiphila is host specific with Colpolopha (Acridomorpha: Romaleidae), and its distribution coincides with that of its host. The phylogenetic placement of these three species was resolved with strong support in the Beauveria clade of Cordyceps s. str. (Cordycipitaceae). This relationship and the morphological similarity of their yellow stromata with known teleomorphs of the clade, suggest that the holomorphs of these species may include Beauveria or Beauveria-like anamorphs. The varying host specificity of the beauverioid Cordyceps species suggest the potential importance of identifying the natural host taxon before future consideration of strains for use in biological control of pest locusts.
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