Abstract Objective To identify predictors of early response to tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) seen in daily routine clinical practice. Methods A multicenter ...ambispective observational study of 126 RA patients treated with TCZ as a first- or second-line biological therapy. The variables associated to achieve the therapeutic goal (remission defined as a DAS28-ESR < 2.6) at 3 and 6 months were identified using regression analysis. Results TCZ was administered as the first biologic in 26% of patients. Overall, 34% of patients received TCZ as monotherapy. EULAR response and remission were obtained in 82% and 31% of patients at 3 months and in 86% and 40% at 6 months. In the multivariate analysis, the predictive factors increasing the likelihood of clinical remission at 3 months were baseline ESR > 30 mm/h (OR = 19.07, 95% CI: 2.720–133.716), baseline CRP > 10 mg/L (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 1.464–13.826), and the presence of extra-articular manifestations of the disease (OR = 15.45, 95% CI: 2.334–102.319). The factors that decreased it were higher concentrations of hemoglobin (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.319–0.910), higher baseline DAS28-ESR (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.145–0.635) and the number of previous DMARDs (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.221–0.779), and biological therapies used (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.155–0.734). The only factor that remained statistically significant at 6 months was higher baseline DAS28-ESR (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.347–0.877). No relationship was found with the neutrophil count or with the RF or ACPA positivity. Conclusion In routine clinical practice, strong acute phase response, the presence of extra-articular manifestations, and the number of previous DMARDs and biological therapies used may help to identify patients who will have a rapid response to TCZ. However, it is likely that no parameter will predict response if taken separately.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent form of chronic polyarthritis, affecting 0.5-1% of adults worldwide. In recent years there have been important advances in the pathogenesis of RA, ...together with new diagnostic and therapeutic insights. Early diagnosis is essential in order to prevent joint damage and improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients with RA. New classification diagnostic criteria have been proposed to achieve this objective. New therapeutic strategies have proved to be effective, including early and better use of synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS), mainly methotrexate, and a treat-to-target strategy focusing on achieving remission and with tight control of the disease. In the last decade, the introduction of various biological agents in the therapeutic armamentarium of RA has changed the disease prognosis, although no definite cure is currently possible. In this chapter, we present an overview of recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this severe but treatable disease.
Abstract Objective To determine clinical and sonographic biomarkers predicting structural damage progression at 12 months of follow-up as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in rheumatoid ...arthritis (RA) patients in clinical remission. Patients and methods We included patients with RA in clinical remission, defined as 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) <2.6 for >6 months. Ultrasound scans of both hands and knees and MRI of the dominant hand were performed at baseline and at 12 months. Results Out of 55 patients, 42 completed the follow-up. Among them, 78% were female, aged (median) 54 years; disease duration was 93 months. In total, 12 (28%) patients were taking oral prednisone, 34 (81%) conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), and 20 (47%) biological therapies. At baseline, 45% fulfilled criteria previously defined for ultrasound-defined active synovitis (UdAS) PD (power Doppler) signal + synovial hyperplasia ≥2. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between baseline MRI erosion score, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, prednisone treatment, absence of biologic and csDMARDs, UdAS, and MRI erosion score progression after 12 months. In an exploratory analysis, serum levels of calprotectin correlated significantly with bone edema progression. Conclusions We identified clinical and sonographic markers of structural damage progression after 12 months follow-up in patients with RA in clinical remission. Meeting the criteria of ultrasound active synovitis, defined as simultaneous relevant synovial hyperplasia and PD, was associated with erosion progression after 12 months. Calprotectin was associated with bone edema, in an exploratory analysis.
this is an exploratory study to evaluate calprotectin serum levels in patients with rheumatic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment.
this is a ...retrospective observational study including patients with irAEs rheumatic syndromes. We compared the calprotectin levels to those in a control group of patients with RA and with a control group of healthy individuals. Additionally, we included a control group of patients treated with ICI but without irAEs to check calprotectin levels. We also analysed the performance of calprotectin for the identification of active rheumatic disease using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC).
18 patients with rheumatic irAEs were compared to a control group of 128 RA patients and another group of 29 healthy donors. The mean calprotectin level in the irAE group was 5.15 μg/mL, which was higher than the levels in both the RA group (3.19 μg/mL) and the healthy group (3.81 μg/mL) (cut-off 2 μg/mL). Additionally, 8 oncology patients without irAEs were included. In this group, calprotectin levels were similar to those of the healthy controls. In patients with active inflammation, the calprotectin levels in the irAE group were significantly higher (8.43 μg/mL) compared to the RA group (3.94 μg/mL). ROC curve analysis showed that calprotectin had a very good discriminatory capacity to identify inflammatory activity in patients with rheumatic irAEs (AUC of 0.864).
the results suggest that calprotectin may serve as a marker of inflammatory activity in patients with rheumatic irAEs induced by treatment with ICIs.
To analyze differences in the recognition of anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibody (ACPA) citrullinated epitopes and isotypes in patients with palindromic rheumatism (PR) and rheumatoid ...arthritis (RA).
ACPA fine specificities (citrullinated peptides of enolase, fibrin, and vimentin) and isotypes (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were analyzed in 54 patients with longstanding PR and 54 patients with established RA.
CCP2 tested positive in 66.7% of patients with PR and RA. The ACPA distribution of fine specificities and isotypes differed between PR and RA patients. PR patients had a lower frequency of fine ACPA specificities than RA patients, which was significant in the case of a peptide derived from vimentin (PR 24.1% vs. 59.3% RA; p < 0.001). The mean number of ACPA specificities was lower in PR than in RA patients, and only 25.9% of PR patients recognized ≥2 additional specificities compared with 46.3% of RA patients. Significantly less isotype usage, especially IgA, was observed in PR patients.
The ACPA immune response differed in patients with PR and RA, with fewer fine specificities and isotype usage in patients with PR. Some patients with PR may have impaired maturation of the B-cell response against citrullinated peptides with no progression to RA.
To identify biomarkers of treatment change and radiographic progression in patients with RA under remission.
RA patients in remission (DAS28-ESR <2.6) were selected and followed up for 5 years. An ...MRI of the dominant hand and an US assessment of knees/hands and serum levels of inflammation/angiogenesis biomarkers were performed at baseline and at 12th month. Synovial biopsies were obtained in patients with Power Doppler signal. Conventional radiographies of hands/feet were taken at baseline and after 5 years. Radiographic progression was defined as the change in the modified Sharp van der Heijde Score at 5 years >10.47 (small detectable change).
Sixty patients were included, 81.6% were ACPA+ and 45% were taking biological DMARDs. At baseline, 66.6% had Power Doppler signal. After 5 years, 73.3% of patients remained in remission. Change of therapy was performed in 20 patients (33.3%) and was associated with BMI odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% CI: 1, 1.7, lack of biological DMARD therapy (OR 24.7, 95% CI: 2.3, 257.2), first-year progression of MRI erosions (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1, 1.3) and calprotectin serum levels (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1, 8.2). Radiographic progression occurred in six (10%) patients. These patients had higher first-year progression of MRI erosions (P = 0.03) and bone oedema (P = 0.04). Among 23 patients undergoing synovial biopsy, mast cell density was independently associated with clinical flares.
One-third of RA patients lost clinical remission and changed therapy throughout the 5 years of follow-up, which was independently associated with BMI, lack of biological DMARDs therapy and first-year progression of MRI erosion score and calprotectin serum levels. Significant radiographic progression was uncommon.
The aim of this study was to identify and characterize subclinical synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical remission using power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) and serum levels of ...biomarkers of inflammation and/or angiogenesis.
We selected patients with RA in clinical remission defined as a Disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) <2.6 for more than six months tested by two independent rheumatologists. Clinical, epidemiological, demographic and serological data were analyzed. PDUS of knees and hands was performed by a sonographer. Synovial hypertrophy (SH) and PDUS signal were scored (grades 0 to 3). SH ≥2 and a PDUS signal was classified as active synovitis. Serum levels of biomarkers of inflammation/angiogenesis were determined by Quantibody Human Array.
This study included 55 patients, of whom 25 (45.4%) met criteria for ultrasound-defined active synovitis. Patients with active synovitis had higher DAS28-C reactive protein (P = 0.023), DAS28-ESR (P = 0.06), simplified disease activity score, SDAI (P = 0.064), and only 12% were taking oral glucocorticoids (≤5 mg/day) compared with 40% of patients without active synovitis (P = 0.044). Patients with synovitis also had significantly higher serum levels of the angiogenic biomarkers angiopoietin-2 (P = 0.038), vascular endothelial growth factor-D (P = 0.018), placental growth factor (P = 0.043), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (P = 0.035), matrix metallopeptidase-2 (P = 0.027) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (P = 0.007), but not of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Nearly half of the patients with RA in clinical remission had ultrasound-defined active synovitis, higher disease activity and less frequent oral glucocorticoid consumption than patients without active synovitis. This clinical situation was associated with a specific biological profile characterized by an excess of angiogenic mediators rather than persistent proinflammatory cytokine responses.
Objectives
To evaluate retention, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous (SC) abatacept over 2 years in patients with moderate-to-severe RA in the
A
batacept
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ub
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utane
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us in
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outine clinical ...practic
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(ASCORE) study.
Methods
Patients with RA who initiated SC abatacept 125 mg once weekly were enrolled in the international, observational, prospective multicentre ASCORE study into biologic-naïve or ≥ 1 prior biologic failure cohorts. Primary endpoint: abatacept retention rate at 2 years. Secondary endpoints: proportion of patients with good/moderate EULAR response rates based on DAS28 (ESR), low disease activity and/or remission according to DAS28 (ESR; ≤ 3.2/ < 2.6), SDAI (≤ 11/ ≤ 3.3), CDAI (≤ 10/ ≤ 2.8), and Boolean criteria. Retention rate by baseline serostatus was evaluated post hoc.
Results
Overall, 47% of patients remained on abatacept for 2 years, irrespective of treatment line. Higher abatacept retention rates were associated with lower prior biologic exposure. Generally, clinical outcomes showed that the proportion of patients with low disease activity/remission was higher in biologic-naïve patients (vs biologic-failure) and similar in those with 1 and ≥ 2 prior biologic failures. In patients on treatment at 2 years, good/moderate EULAR response rates of ~ 80% were consistently noted irrespective of prior biologic exposure. Across treatment lines, retention was greater in patients with seropositive (vs seronegative) RA. Patients with rheumatoid factor/anti-citrullinated protein antibody single-positive RA who were bio-naïve had higher retention than patients who were bio-experienced.
Conclusions
In the ASCORE study, SC abatacept retention was 47% at 2 years with good clinical outcomes and was well-tolerated in the real-world setting. Abatacept retention and clinical response rates were higher in patients who received abatacept as an earlier- versus later-line biologic drug treatment and in those with seropositive RA.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02090556.
Many environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), but so far smoking is the only environmental risk factor that has been extensively ...studied and widely accepted. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing seropositive RA (RF and/or ACPA). Recent studies show that tobacco smoking can influence disease phenotype, with the development of more aggressive disease and greater joint damage; but other studies show contradictory results. Recent data suggests that response to antirheumatic therapy in RA is worse in smokers. In this article we review different environmental factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing RA, with a special interest in tobacco smoking.
Existen distintos factores ambientales implicados en la patogenia de la artritis reumatoide, aunque es el tabaco el factor más ampliamente estudiado y reconocido. El tabaquismo está asociado a un incremento del riesgo de artritis reumatoide seropositiva (FR y/o ACPA). Además estudios recientes ponen de manifiesto que el consumo de tabaco puede influir en la expresión clínica de la enfermedad, determinar un curso evolutivo más grave y una mayor destrucción articular, aunque no todos los estudios son concordantes. Datos recientes sugieren que la respuesta al tratamiento antirreumático sería peor en los enfermos fumadores. En el presente artículo se revisan los distintos factores ambientales que han sido implicados en la AR, con especial énfasis en el tabaquismo.
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