, the causal agent of myrtle rust, is a biotrophic pathogen whose growth and development depends on the host tissues. The uredospores of
infect
by engaging in close contact with the host surface and ...interacting with the leaf cuticle that provides important chemical and physical signals to trigger the infection process. In this study, the cuticular waxes of
spp. were analyzed to determine their composition or structure and correlation with susceptibility/resistance to
. Twenty-one
spp. in the field were classified as resistant or susceptible. The resistance/susceptibility level of six
spp. were validated in controlled conditions using qPCR, revealing that the pathogen can germinate on the eucalyptus surface of some species without multiplying in the host. CG-TOF-MS analysis detected 26 compounds in the
spp. cuticle and led to the discovery of the role of hexadecanoic acid in the susceptibility of
and
to
. We characterized the epicuticular wax morphology of the six previously selected
spp. using scanning electron microscopy and observed different behavior in
germination during host infection. It was found a correlation of epicuticular morphology on the resistance to
. However, in this study, we provide the first report of considerable interspecific variation in
spp. on the susceptibility to
and its correlation with cuticular waxes chemical compounds that seem to play a synergistic role as a preformed defense mechanism.
Austropuccinia psidii is a biotrophic fungus that causes myrtle rust. First described in Brazil, it has since spread to become a globally important pathogen that infects more than 480 myrtaceous ...species. One of the most important commercial crops affected by A. psidii is eucalypt, a widely grown forestry tree. The A. psidii–Eucalyptus spp. interaction is poorly understood, but pathogenesis is likely driven by pathogen-secreted effector molecules. Here, we identified and characterized a total of 255 virulence effector candidates using a genome assembly of A. psidii strain MF-1, which was recovered from Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. We show that the expression of seven effector candidate genes is modulated by cell wax from leaves sourced from resistant and susceptible hosts. Two effector candidates with different subcellular localization predictions, and with specific gene expression profiles, were transiently expressed with GFP-fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, we observed the accumulation of an effector candidate, Ap28303, which was upregulated under cell wax from rust susceptible E. grandis and described as a peptidase inhibitor I9 domain-containing protein in the nucleus. This was in accordance with in silico analyses. Few studies have characterized nuclear effectors. Our findings open new perspectives on the study of A. psidii–Eucalyptus interactions by providing a potential entry point to understand how the pathogen manipulates its hosts in modulating physiology, structure, or function with effector proteins.
Mitochondrial genomes are highly conserved in many fungal groups, and they can help characterize the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary biology of plant pathogenic fungi. Rust fungi are ...among the most devastating diseases for economically important crops around the world. Here, we report the complete sequence and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Puccinia psidii), the causal agent of myrtle rust. We performed a phylogenomic analysis including the complete mitochondrial sequences from other rust fungi. The genome composed of 93.299 bp has 73 predicted genes, 33 of which encoded nonconserved proteins (ncORFs), representing almost 45% of all predicted genes. A. psidii mtDNA is one of the largest rust mtDNA sequenced to date, most likely due to the abundance of ncORFs. Among them, 33% were within intronic regions of diverse intron groups. Mobile genetic elements invading intron sequences may have played significant roles in size but not shaping of the rust mitochondrial genome structure. The mtDNAs from rust fungi are highly syntenic. Phylogenetic inferences with 14 concatenated mitochondrial proteins encoded by the core genes placed A. psidii according to phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA. Interestingly, cox1, the gene with the greatest number of introns, provided phylogenies not congruent with the core set. For the first time, we identified the proteins encoded by three A. psidii ncORFs using proteomics analyses. Also, the orf208 encoded a transmembrane protein repressed during in vitro morphogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, we presented the first report of a complete mtDNA sequence of a member of the family Sphaerophragmiacea.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Grass from the genus Brachiaria spp. predominates in pastures with low fertile soils. This scenario highlights the importance of the association with microorganisms to foster plant growth, ...which becomes essential to the successful establishment of this forage in such environments. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and identify the mechanisms of plant growth promotion, in vitro, of bacteria associated with Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. and Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt in Pernambuco, Brazil. We evaluated 20 isolates of diazotrophic bacteria obtained from the endophyte or rhizosphere communities. The genetic characteristics were determined via sequencing the 16S rRNA region, which allowed us to identify ten different bacterial genera: Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Microbacterium sp., Pantoea sp., Ralstonia sp., Rhizobium sp., Sinomonas sp., and Sphingomonas sp., with a specificity of the genus Rhizobium sp. to Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.. The phenotypic and functional characteristics revealed that 100% of the bacterial strains produced indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) with the addition of L-tryptophan, and 60% presented IAA production independent of the L-tryptophan pathway. We also detected that 70% of the isolated bacteria possessed the capacity to solubilize phosphorus. The analysis of the enzymatic output revealed that 30% of the bacterial isolates produced cellulase, 60% produced pectate lyase, 15% produced polygalacturonase, and 30% produced amylase. We also detected the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones in 65% of bacterial strains. In summary, our results showed that plants of B. decumbens Stapf. and B. humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt interacted with different bacterial genera capable of promoting plant growth.
This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of bacterial community associated to different sugarcane genotypes, association habitat and phenological phase of the culture, as well as to ...isolate, to identify and to characterize your potential for plant growth-promoting. Root and rhizospheric soil samples from RB 92579 and RB 867515 varieties were collected at 120 and 300 days after regrowth (DAR). The diversity of bacterial was evaluated through of the 16S rRNA and
nif
H genes. We found greater genetic diversity in the root endophytic habitat at 120 DAR. We identify the genera
Burkholderia
sp.,
Pantoea
sp.,
Erwinia
sp.,
Stenotrophomonas
sp.,
Enterobacter
sp. and
Pseudomonas
sp. The genera
Bacillus
sp. and
Dyella
sp. were only identified in the variety RB 92579. We found indices above 50% for biological nitrogen fixation, production of indole acetic acid and phosphate solubilization, showing that the use of these bacteria in biotechnological products is very promising.
Burkholderia
sp. is a bacterial genus extremely versatile in the environment and has been reported for a great potential to promote plant growth via different mechanisms. Here we evaluate the plant ...growth-promoting mechanisms in twenty-six
Burkholderia
strains. Strains were evaluated for their ability to promote plant growth by means of: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production under different conditions of pH, salt stress and the presence or absence of L-tryptophan; exopolysaccharides (EPS) production and quorum sensing (ALH). The strains were also characterized in terms of their genetic variability and species identification through Sanger sequencing. Then, the bacteria most responsive in the greatest number of plant-growth promotion mechanisms were selected for a corn seed germination test. All bacteria synthesized IAA in medium with 0.0 or 5.0 mM of L-tryptophan in combination with either 1 or 5% of NaCl, and pH values of either 4.5 or 7.2. The EPS production was confirmed for 61.54% of the bacterial strains. Quorum sensing also occurred in 92.3% of the selected bacteria. The Jaccard similarity coefficient revealed 16 clusters with high genetic variability between bacterial strains. Bacterial strains were assigned to seven species:
B. anthina, B. cepacia, B. gladioli, B. ambifaria, B. graminis, B. heleia
, and
Burkholderia
spp. The corn seed bacterization did not affect the germination velocity index (GSI), as well as the first count of germinated seeds (FC). However, inoculations formulated with
B. heleia
strain G28,
B. gladioli
strain UAGC723, and
B. graminis
strain UAGC348 promoted significant increases in root length, seedling height and fresh and dry seedling phytomass, respectively. These results indicate the high biotechnological potential of several strains in the genus
Burkholderia
sp. as seed inoculants, favoring germination and seedling initial development.
Sugarcane is one of the crops responsible for the high consumption of fertilizers in Brazil. To minimize this demand a sustainable alternative is to increase the studies to evaluate the beneficial ...effects of the relationship between plants/microorganisms, mainly plant growth-promoting bacteria. The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate potentially diazotrophic bacteria isolates from sugarcane in adverse environmental conditions; b) inoculate these bacteria in sugarcane to evaluate their ability in plant growth-promotion. The study was carried in the Northeast of Brazil. Bacterial genera Burkholderia sp., Pantoea sp., Stenotrophomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. were evaluated in different culture medium and later the bacterial isolates were inoculated in sugarcane evaluating the plant growth-promotion. Stenotrophomonas sp. and Pantoea sp. were tolerant to salinity and to different sources of carbon in acid medium and too tolerated high concentrations of pesticides and produced quorum sensing molecules (QS), but did not increase the dry matter production of sugarcane. Burkholderia sp. and Enterobacter sp. were more sensitive to salinity and pest control, but were more effective in plant growth-promotion. The tolerance of the bacteria to the adverse environmental conditions interfered negatively in the ability to plant growth-promotion.
Austropuccinia psidii is a biotrophic fungus that causes myrtle rust. First described in Brazil, it has since spread to become a globally important pathogen that infects more than 480 myrtaceous ...species. One of the most important commercial crops affected by A. psidii is eucalypt, a widely grown forestry tree. The A. psidii–Eucalyptus spp. interaction is poorly understood, but pathogenesis is likely driven by pathogen-secreted effector molecules. Here, we identified and characterized a total of 255 virulence effector candidates using a genome assembly of A. psidii strain MF-1, which was recovered from Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. We show that the expression of seven effector candidate genes is modulated by cell wax from leaves sourced from resistant and susceptible hosts. Two effector candidates with different subcellular localization predictions, and with specific gene expression profiles, were transiently expressed with GFP-fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, we observed the accumulation of an effector candidate, Ap28303, which was upregulated under cell wax from rust susceptible E. grandis and described as a peptidase inhibitor I9 domain-containing protein in the nucleus. This was in accordance with in silico analyses. Few studies have characterized nuclear effectors. Our findings open new perspectives on the study of A. psidii–Eucalyptus interactions by providing a potential entry point to understand how the pathogen manipulates its hosts in modulating physiology, structure, or function with effector proteins.
O uso de micro-organismos na agricultura é uma alternativa amplamente pesquisada e disseminada, que busca a diminuição no uso de fertilizantes químicos com consequente redução da degradação do meio ...ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico (SFI) e o crescimento bacteriano em meio de cultura livre de fonte nitrogenada sob diferentes concentrações de NaCl de isolados bacterianos diazotróficos, associados a raízes de plantas de cana-de-açúcar. Foram avaliados 30 isolados, 15 endofíticos de raiz e 15 da rizosfera. A seleção de bactérias SFI foi realizada em meio sólido contendo fosfato insolúvel, avaliando-se o índice de solubilização (IS). Para a avaliação da influência de sal sobre o crescimento bacteriano em meio livre de nitrogênio, as bactérias foram cultivadas em meio NFb semi-sólido, acrescido de 0; 2,5; e 5% de NaCl. Foi possível observar que 90% dos isolados diazotróficos foram capazes de solubilizar fosfato inorgânico e que os isolados da rizosfera apresentaram os maiores IS. Quanto ao crescimento em meio NFb, foi observado que na ausência do sal todas as bactérias foram capazes de crescer. Contudo, 60% dos isolados foram capazes de crescer em meio NFb acrescido de 2,5% de NaCl e 17% em 5% de NaCl. Quando considerado o nicho do qual as bactérias foram isoladas, observou-se que as bactérias diferiram quanto à capacidade de crescer em meio NFb sob diferentes concentrações de NaCl. Os resultados permitem inferir que esses isolados bacterianos têm aplicações tecnológicas como promotores de crescimento vegetal, inclusive em solos salinos.
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