Based on an ethnography developed with social movements derived from the eviction process of an old popular district in the city of São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil, we analyze how an idea of ...neighborship is applied to the processes of struggle and their outcomes. In 2004, a land of over 1,000,000 m2, owned by a bankrupt industry, was occupied by an entire district of over 5,000 people. This “illegal” occupation had been going on for almost 8 years when a court decision ordered the land to be vacated. The case of the Pinheirinho dos Palmares neighborhood, as it was known, became an emblematic example of Brazilian housing policies, with its violent eviction drawing the entire country’s attention. This article deals with the struggles that the evicted residents started and that resulted, at the end of almost 5 years, in the construction of a new district by the state, based on a new housing program. We are going to analyze how concerns about organizing the new neighborship from the old neighborhood relations were fundamental in the geographical and architectural production of the new district. The article seeks to intertwine the notions of resistance and neighborship, responsible for the new configuration of the district.
Tree-exuded gums are natural polymers that represent an abundant raw material in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The cashew gum can be obtained by exudation of trees of the genus Anacardium, ...a native species of the Brazilian northeast; its polymer consists of monosaccharide units propitious to the action of chemical reactions that tend to improve their intrinsic characteristics among them, as the degree of hydro-solubility. The objective of this work was to modify the exudate gum of Anacardium occidentale (cashew gum (CG)) through an amine reaction. The modification was confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), zeta potential, and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). In addition, the chemical modification altered the molar mass and surface charge of the CG, and the amino group binding to the CG polymers was confirmed by FTIR spectra. In addition, cytotoxicity tests were performed where cell viability was estimated by an MTT assay on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Through these tests, it was found that the amine caused an increase in the thermal stability of the amino compounds and did not present cytotoxic potential at concentrations below 50.0 mg/L.
Surfactants have been extensively used in electrode modification for electroanalysis in recent years. In this review we highlight dihexadecylphosphate (also known as dicetylphosphate, dihexadecyl ...hydrogen phosphate, DHP), which is a hydrophobic surfactant molecule with a negatively charged polar head located at a phosphate group on one side of the molecule, linked to two long hydrocarbon chains (two long hydrophobic tails) on the other side. DHP has been used in association with other electroactive nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and/or graphene in sensing and biosensing. In this paper, we present an overview of the use of DHP in the modification of electrode surfaces. In the course of the paper, we first introduce DHP, followed by an overview of its applications in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The prospects and future applications of DHP in the field of electrochemistry are also evaluated.
Dengue is a serious infectious disease worldwide and a climate-sensitive disease. Thus, our goals were to (i) evaluate the relationship between dengue incidence and meteorological variables (rainfall ...and air temperature); (ii) identify the spatiotemporal pattern of dengue incidence in the municipalities of Mato Grosso from 2001 to 2020; and (iii) verify the spatial dependence of dengue incidence in the dry and wet seasons. We used dengue data from 2001 to 2020, monthly rainfall estimates from GPM, and daily air temperature estimates from ERA-5. The municipalities of the Mato Grosso state are included in 16 healthcare territories. The seasonal rainfall pattern indicates that the peak of the dengue endemic occurred in the wet season. However, drier and/or warmer places had a lower incidence of dengue in the dry season. Furthermore, a lagged effect of meteorological variables on dengue incidence has been identified, ranging from 0 to 7 months. Hotspot areas were identified which might have the potential for an intense spreading of dengue in Mato Grosso. They were mainly concentrated in the healthcare territory of Teles Pires (ID 14) in the dry season, while they were concentrated in the healthcare territories of Garças Araguaia (ID 5), Oeste (ID 11), and Teles Pires (ID 14) in the wet season. In addition, they are located in the Am climate and in the Amazon Forest and Brazilian savanna biomes, which have higher dengue incidence values. These results help to highlight which municipalities decision-makers must intervene in the public health system to prevent and control future epidemics.
O município de Humaitá, no sul do Estado do Amazonas, apresenta uma notável taxa de crescimento populacional, o que favorece o desmatamento e, consequentemente, afeta o regime pluviométrico regional. ...Estudos sobre precipitação na região amazônica são baseados em dados espacial, mensais ou anuais das chuvas. Então, esse trabalho objetivou estudar a frequência relativa horária e a intensidade da precipitação no município de Humaitá-AM. Os dados de precipitação horária foram coletados na estação meteorológica do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia INMET, localizada no Instituto Federal do Amazonas - IFAM (7.55º S e 63.07º W e 54 m). Foi feita a somatória de todos os horários em que houve ocorrências de precipitação registrada pela estação meteorológica no período de julho de 2012 até julho de 2017. A frequência relativa e a variabilidade horária média sazonal foram calculadas pelo método proposto por SPIEGEL. Verificou-se que durante a estação de outono as chuvas são frequentes no período da manhã (03:00hs e 06:00hs), com picos secundários no início da tarde (14:00hs) e mínimas entre 09:00hs e 13:00hs. No inverno às máximas se concentram à tarde (15:00hs e 16:00hs) e mínimas (03:00hs e 04:00hs). Na primavera esses eventos são comuns no decorrer da tarde e parte da noite (14:00hs, 16:00hs e 20:00hs), e são menos constantes entre 10:00hs e 12:00hs. Na estação de verão as chuvas se concentram entre 01:00h e 07:00hs, com pico máximo as 04:00hs e mínima (12:00hs). Notou-se ainda que no período chuvoso foram registradas máximas (06:00hs e 07:00hs), e mínimas (10:00hs e 12:00hs). No período seco as chuvas predominam (06:00hs e 08:00hs) e mínimas (09:00hs, 12:00hs e 16:00hs). A intensidade das chuvas entre as estações do ano é, na maioria, classificada como fraca, seguido por eventos de categoria moderada e forte. Verificou-se que eventos com intensidade muito forte ocorreram apenas durante a estação da primavera. Por fim, a precipitação demonstrou ser mais comum durante a manhã no outono e verão e mais frequentes no período da tarde na primavera e inverno.
Brazilian tropical ecosystems in the state of Mato Grosso have experienced significant land use and cover changes during the past few decades due to deforestation and wildfire. These changes can ...directly affect the mass and energy exchange near the surface and, consequently, evapotranspiration (ET). Characterization of the seasonal patterns of ET can help in understanding how these tropical ecosystems function with a changing climate. The goal of this study was to characterize temporal (seasonal-to-decadal) and spatial patterns in ET over Mato Grosso using remotely sensed products. Ecosystems over areas with limited to no flux towers can be performed using remote sensing products such as NASA’s MOD16A2 ET (MOD16 ET). As the accuracy of this product in tropical ecosystems is unknown, a secondary objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the MOD16 ET (ETMODIS) to appropriately represent the spatial and seasonal ET patterns in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Actual ET was measured (ETMeasured) using eight flux towers, three in the Amazon, three in the Cerrado, and two in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. In general, the ETMODIS of all sites had no significant difference from ETMeasured during all analyzed periods, and ETMODIS had a significant moderate to strong correlation with the ETMeasured. The spatial variation of ET had some similarity to the climatology of Mato Grosso, with higher ET in the mid to southern parts of Mato Grosso (Cerrado and Pantanal) during the wet period compared to the dry period. The ET in the Amazon had three seasonal patterns, a higher and lower ET in the wet season compared to the dry season, and minimal to insignificant variation in ET during the wet and dry seasons. The wet season ET in Amazon decreased from the first and second decades, but the ET during the wet and dry season increased in Cerrado and Pantanal in the same period. This study highlights the importance of deepening the study of ET in the state of Mato Grosso due to the land cover and climate change.
Resumo O Cerrado apresenta uma variedade de fitofisionomias, com características distintas em estrutura e distribuição, o que contribui para uma heterogeneidade na interação da radiação solar com a ...superfície. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal de parâmetros biofísicos em diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo de uma área de Cerrado no sul do estado de Mato Grosso por sensoriamento remoto. Os parâmetros biofísicos índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), o albedo, temperatura da superfície e o saldo de radiação foram obtidos nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado: Campo Limpo, Campo Sujo, Cerradão e Cerrado stricto sensu; e numa área de pastagem. As estimativas foram realizadas com imagens do sensor TM Landsat 5, em 2009, 2010 e 2011. No período chuvoso, o NDVI e o saldo de radiação foram 44% e 15% maiores e o albedo e a temperatura da superfície foram 18% e 12% menores que no seco, respectivamente. Nos locais com maior NDVI e maior saldo de radiação foram encontrados os menores albedo e temperatura da superfície. As diferentes fitofisionomias do Cerrado tiveram interação distinta com a radiação solar em escalas sazonal e espacial devido à variação da cobertura da vegetação e disponibilidade hídrica.
Abstract The Cerrado presents a variety of phytophysiognomies, with distinct characteristics of structure and distribution, which contributes to a heterogeneity in the interaction of solar radiation with the surface. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of biophysical parameters in different types of soil cover of a Cerrado area in southern Mato Grosso state by remote sensing. Biophysical parameters Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), albedo, surface temperature and radiation balance were obtained from the Cerrado phytophysiognomies: Campo Limpo, Campo Sujo, Cerradão and Cerrado stricto sensu; and in a pasture area. Estimates were made with TM Landsat 5 sensor images in 2009, 2010 and 2011. In the rainy season, NDVI and radiation balance were 44% and 15% higher and albedo and surface temperature were 18% and 12% smaller than dry, respectively. In places with higher NDVI and higher radiation balance, the lowest albedo and surface temperature were found. The different phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado had a distinct interaction with solar radiation at seasonal and spatial scales due to the variation of vegetation cover and water availability.
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