The development of the concept of sustainable architecture requires in-depth research due to the exceptional complexity and relevance of this problem. In this regard, the purpose of this article is ...to consider the technologies of engineering environmental protection related to measures to preserve the environment, maintain ecological balance, and reduce the negative effects of human activity on the natural environment. A selection of project proposals of objects is given, where technological developments are presented, characterized by a new alternative approach to creating an eco-sustainable habitat by means of its engineering protection. The technologies that ensure sustainable waste disposal are revealed recycling of urban waste using a closed system for the production of energy and materials from garbage. A wide range of engineering proposals for seawater purification and processing of floating debris accumulation has identified: technologies for the disposal of such waste and their conversion into energy, the elimination of islands from oceanic debris from the water surface. Alternative technologies of engineering environmental protection and climate adjustment for managing its changes, as well as habitat restoration in the sinking coastal areas of the city are presented. Attention is drawn to the problem of eliminating the consequences of negative impacts on ecosystems and restoring the natural environment: the transformation and recreation of forests and areas with drained swamps, as well as the formation of agricultural biodiversity in the context of food security. The results of the study can be useful for the theory and practice of sustainable architecture formation, as they open up completely new opportunities for creative search.
Identification of ecological approaches to the sustainable development of agrocenoses in the context of food security requires in-depth research due to the exceptional complexity and relevance of ...this problem. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to critically comprehend the theoretical and design-experimental developments of agrocenoses and identify the most rational ways to design them in connection with the problem of food security in the context of creating food autonomy. A selection of project proposals of objects is given, where technological developments are presented, characterized by a new alternative approach to the creation of agrocenoses as an integral ecological system. The techniques of sustainable development of agrocenoses in urban space in connection with environmental changes are revealed: integration of genetically modified objects into urban space and its rehabilitation in the context of creating food autonomy. Economically rational methods of creating an integral ecological system are determined: the secondary use of natural resources and the disposal of biological waste, the regeneration of soil through the use of symbionts for its restoration. The placement of agrocenoses in the aquatic environment as a resource for the development and use of alternative space is presented: floating objects of agrogenesis as a closed ecological system and the formation of objects of agrogenesis in the underwater environment as an autonomous ecosystem. The results of this review show that agrocenosis ecosystems are a bio positive tool for intervention in the closed-cycle economy in facilities for commercial food production.
The article is devoted to the actual problem of the development of the strategy of sustainable mobility of society in the context of the use of aircraft, as well as the prospect of their use in ...various fields of activity. The purpose of the article is to gain new knowledge in the development of the strategy of sustainable mobility of society related to the concept of the formation of objects of aerostatic architecture. Historical precedents and modern controlled objects of airship construction as transport systems of a new generation in various fields of activity are considered. The concept of the development of sustainable mobility in aerostatic architecture is revealed in connection with the general ecological orientation of society and as a resource for the development of alternative habitat space. A wide range of use of aerial vehicles for solving important tasks of sustainable development of the life activity environment is indicated. A selection of design proposals for objects of aerostatic architecture is given, which allows us to outline the directions for searching and conducting further promising research in this area. A selection of design proposals for objects of aerostatic architecture is given, which allows us to outline the directions for searching and conducting further promising research in this area. The results of the study can be useful for the theory and practice of the formation of sustainable mobility of society, as they open up completely new opportunities for creative search.
Filler with enhanced thermal conductivity, including hexagonal boron nitride and its modified analogues with surface hydroxyl groups, and titanium and zirconium diborides having Lewis acid properties ...were introduced into polyurethane/epoxy compositions. The curing kinetics of these compositions (with filler loading level 0.5–15 wt%) were studied using dynamic and isothermal DSC and kinetic parameters (rate constants and activation energies) were determined. It was shown that the curing process has complex character and includes several of concurrent reactions, i.e. polyaddition reactions and the cationic polymerization of oxirane rings. The increase of loading level leads to depression of the cationic polymerization of oxirane rings and the formation of less ordered PU/epoxy networks. As a result, the mechanical properties of high-filled compositions were also suppressed (the decrease up to 70% of the initial tensile strength). The thermal conductivity of PU/epoxy compositions increased proportionally to the loading levels with maximal values found for composition filled with surface modified hexagonal boron nitride (1.5-fold increase).
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•Filler with enhanced thermal conductivity were introduced into PU/epoxy compositions.•Curing process includes several of concurrent reactions.•Increase of loading leads to depression of cationic polymerization of oxirane rings.•Increase of loading leads to formation of less ordered PU/epoxy networks. .
A new method for the preparation of coatings based on renewable biomaterials such as castor oil and birch flour is suggested in this study. The introduction of birch flour in a polyurethane matrix ...synthesized from castor oil and oligomeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) leads to a more than doubled value of tensile strength and almost doubled strength of adhesion to steel at 20 wt.% loading. The composite with such level loading has tensile strength equal to 7.1 MPa at an elongation at break of 31%, with an adhesion to steel of 3.71 MPa. Hence, the use of such level loading allows for an increase in tensile strength of 887.5% in comparison with that of polyurethane based on neat (as received) castor oil, leading to a decrease in the value of elongation at break. The adhesion to steel of these composites increases by 185.5% in comparison with starting polyurethane. FTIR and SEM studies identified the mechanism of the reinforcement effect of birch fibers. This reinforcement is based on the good wetting of birch fibers by polyurethane with the formation of chemical bonds between them, and the cellulose and lignin components of wood fillers. As a result, we obtained cheap bio-based coatings with acceptable mechanical and adhesion properties.
1H spin-diffusion solid-state NMR, in combination with other techniques, was utilized to investigate the effect of molecular architecture, solubility parameter of hard and soft segments, and their ...length on the domain size, interphase thickness and degree of phase separation in polyurethane-ureas based on oligomeric 4,4′-diisicyanate diphenylmethane, methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) and polyols based on polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and polybutadiene with different length. Polyurethane-ureas based on polyethylene oxide soft blocks did not form rigid domains as a result of absence of microphase separation. The domain sizes of the hard segments in polyurethane-ureas under study practically did not show any dependence on their composition, but interphase thicknesses are higher for systems based on polybutadiene soft blocks. This indicates that the degree of phase separation depends strongly not only on the binary thermodynamic interaction between hard and soft segments in polyurethane-ureas, but is also influenced by their molecular architectures in the experimental temperature range.
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•Polyurethane were obtained by prepolymer method with variation of solubility parameter of soft block.•The domain size, interphase and molecular dynamics were elucidated by using solid-state NMR techniques.•The dependence of the rigid phase domain size and interphase on composition were captured.
This study aims to improve properties of Ultem® polyetherimide (PEI) by incorporating up to 2 wt% additives of the perovskite oxide La0.85Yb0.15AlO3 (LYA). The structure of dense PEI/LYA films was ...characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with an analysis of their elemental composition using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The PEI/LYA films exhibit a two-layer structure. Contact angle measurements revealed hydrophilization of the membrane surface enriched with the perovskite. The transport properties were tested via gas separation and pervaporation processes. The separation selectivity of He/N2 and O2/N2 gas pairs increased with the growth of the LYA content in the membranes. Pervaporation of a methanol(MeOH)–cyclohexane(CH) mixture was effective due to the high sorption of MeOH in the PEI/LYA membranes. The maximal pervaporation separation index was found for the PEI/LYA(2%) membrane.
In this study, hypercrosslinked copolymers (HCCPs) designated as HCCP-1DVB, HCCP-2DVB and HCCP-3DVB were obtained by post-crosslinking of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers with the various molar ...content of divinylbenzene (1, 2, and 3%) using chloromethyl methyl ether via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. The chemical structure, porous and morphological characteristics of hypercrosslinked copolymers were determined by FT-IR, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption method and SEM, respectively. The synthesized hypercrosslinked copolymers had high surface area values and different micro/mesoporous structures. It was found that mesopore volume increased with a decrease in divinylbenzene content in a copolymer. HCCP-1DVB had the largest mesopore volume (0.53 cm
3
/g), the highest adsorption capacity for rifampicin (
q
m
= 183.27 mg/g), and the highest rifampicin adsorption rate. Adsorption capacity of HCCP-1DVB towards rifampicin is comparable with other adsorbents used for its adsorption or even significantly higher. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic processes were well described by the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model. The experimental data indicated that the removal efficiency of rifampicin reached 99.8% at the dosage of HCCP-1DVB equal to 80 mg/10 mL. The removal efficiency of rifampicin by HCCP-1DVB was higher than by some tested commercial hypercrosslinked adsorbents. After 5 cycles of reuse, the adsorption capacity of HCCP-1DVB decreased only by 7%, which indicates sufficient stability and reusability of this hypercrosslinked copolymer.
Multiblock copolymers containing linear polydimethylsiloxane or polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane and ladder-like polyphenylsiloxane were synthesized in a one-step pathway. The functional homopolymer ...blocks and final multiblock copolymers were characterized using solution and solid-state multinuclear 1H, 13C, 19F, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the ladder-like block contains silanol units, which influence the adhesion properties of multiblock copolymers and morphology of their casted films. The adhesion to metals and mechanical properties of multiblock copolymers were tested. The SEM study of casted films of multiblock copolymers shows the variety of formed morphologies, including long-strip-like or globular.
Composites based on polyacrylic acid gels as matrices and conducting polymers (polyaniline and polypyrrole) as functional components have been obtained. It has been shown that the dependence of the ...equilibrium degree of swelling on the pH medium for the matrices demonstrates its pronounced maximum at pH = 11. The reversibility of the processes of swelling/contraction for the matrices and composites over a wide variation of swelling medium acidities was studied and analyzed. The effect of the crosslinking degree of the matrix on the content of the conducting components in the composites was determined. The electric conductivity of the composites depended on the degree of crosslinking of the matrices, and the content of the conducting component was measured. Deformational characteristics at compression were measured for the matrices and composites prepared in block-shaped cylinders. It was proven that the formation of a rigid-chain conducting polymer phase in the composites led to an increase in the elastic modulus as compared with the one for the matrix gel, but it did not cause a noticeable decrease in elasticity. It was observed that the new composites were characterized by a combination of swelling capacity, pH sensitivity, and electroconductivity.
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