Wild edible mushrooms are very popular for both their flavors and nutritional values. However, some mushroom species can be harmful to human health as they accumulate some elements in excessive ...amounts. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Se, and Zn of some wild edible (
Agaricus arvensis
,
A. bitorquis
,
A. sylvaticus
,
Amanita vaginata
,
Armillaria mellea
,
Clavariadelphus pistillaris
,
Clitocybe nebularis
,
Clitopilus prunulus
,
Hygrophorus marzuolus
,
H. russula
,
Lactarius volemus
,
Lycoperdon molle
, and
Macrolepiota mastoidea
) and non-edible mushroom species (
A. citrina
,
Auricularia mesenterica
,
Chanterellus melanoxeros
,
Chondrostereum purpureum
,
Clathrus ruber
,
L. controversus
,
L. helvus
, and
L. zonarius
) collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey). Daily intakes of element (DIE) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible mushroom species were also calculated. The concentrations of the elements in question were determined to be in the ranges of 9.7–556.8, 2.5–2226.7, 0.06–2.52, 0.03–13.17, 3.74–100.19, 13.3–507.4, 2635.0–28614.0, 493.0–2412.0, 6.97–3150.73, 0.29–13.26, 0.38–3.67, and 9.1–293.8 mg/kg, respectively. The Cd concentration of
H. russula
(DIE: 1.08, HRI: 1.08), Cr concentration of
C. nebularis
(DIE: 5.64, HRI: 1.88), and the Cu concentration of
M. mastoidea
(DIE: 42.94, HRI: 1.07) were above the reference values. The results showed that the long-term consumption of
H. russula
,
C. nebularis
, and
M. mastoidea
collected from Belgrad forest can have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, it was concluded that the element concentrations of edible wild mushrooms in this region should be examined periodically.
It is known that some
Campanula
species are traditionally used because of their anti-allergic, spasmolytic, antiphlogistic, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. This study was designed to evaluate ...the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, α-amylase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of
Campanula macrostachya
Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. Chemical compositions were analyzed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Antioxidant activities of the samples were tested by using five different test systems. Enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were also studied. As a result of the LC–ESI–MS/MS analyses, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, and hyperoside were found to be the major compounds of the extracts, especially the MeOH extract (6559.59, 2499.22, and 2047.66 μg/g extract, respectively). Antioxidant activity tests have proven that MeOH extract showed higher activity than others (DPPH: 4.15 mg/mL, ABTS: 2.05 mg/mL, CUPRAC: 1.80 mg/mL, FRAP: 0.83 mg/mL, phosphomolybdenum: 1.69 mg/mL). Ferrous ion chelating activity of the water extract was 1.03 mg/mL. In α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory assays, EtOAc (IC
50
: 2.54 mg/mL) and MeOH (IC
50
: 1.51 mg/mL) extracts showed higher activity than the others did. In phosphomolybdenum, CUPRAC, FRAP, and tyrosinase inhibitory assays, the activity was strongly correlated with flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, and hyperoside. On the other hand, phenolic compounds have been found to contribute more to radical scavenging activity. Pearson correlation analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were not responsible for the α-amylase inhibitory activity of EtOAc extract.
The members of the genus Astragalus have great interest as traditional drugs in several folk systems including Turkey. In this sense, the present paper was aimed to explore the biological properties ...and chemical profiles of different parts (aerial parts, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots) of A. macrocephalus subsp. finitimus. Antioxidant (radical quenching, reducing power, and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory (α-amylase and tyrosinase) effects were investigated for biological properties. Regarding chemical profiles, individual phenolic compounds were detected by LC-MS, as well as total amounts. The leaves extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant abilities when compared with other parts. However, flowers extract had the best metal chelating ability. Hyperoside, apigenin, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were identified as main compounds in the tested parts. Regarding enzyme inhibitory properties, tyrosinase inhibitory effects varied from IC50: 1.02 to 1.41 mg/mL. In addition, the best amylase inhibition effect was observed by leaves (3.36 mg/mL), followed by aerial parts, roots, stems, and flowers. As a result, from multivariate analysis, the tested parts were classified in three cluster. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that A. macrocephalus subsp. finitimus could be a precious source of natural bioactive agents in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.
•The methanolic and water extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity.•Chlorogenic and benzoic acid was identified as a major phenolic component.•Antioxidative effects are the first report for ...this species.•Enyzme inhibitory activities of the species were assessed for the first time.
The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of different solvent extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) from Sideritis galatica were evaluated. Cholinesterase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested by microtiter plate assays. Antioxidant abilities were tested using free radical scavenging (DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) and NO), reducing power (FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity)), total antioxidant capacity and chelating assays. Methanol and water extracts showed higher phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and reducing power activities, while the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibition abilities on the enzymes. 18 phenolic components in these extracts were detected by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Results obtained in this work indicate that S. galatica may be useful as a source of natural agents for the management of oxidative process, Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes.
The aim of this study is to analyze Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni contents of
Cyclocybe cylindracea
,
Armillaria mellea
,
Bjerkandera adusta
,
Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus
,
Coprinellus ...disseminatus
,
C. micaceus
,
C. comatus
,
Inonotus hispidus
,
Lepista nuda
,
Leucoagaricus leucothites
,
Pleurotus ostreatus
,
Cerioporus squamosus
,
Schizophyllum commune
,
Scleroderma verrucosum
, and
Trametes trogii
collected from the Ankara University Besevler 10th Year Campus (Turkey), an area where human settlement and traffic are intense. In addition to the elemental analysis, the daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible ones were also calculated. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni concentrations of the samples were found to be 112.0–5079.0, 3.0–124.0, 4.0–77.0, 2.0–196.0, 0.18–2.98, 0.18–5.3, 0.04–10.98, and 0.22–8.23 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of DIM and HRI analysis,
C. cylindracea
,
L. nuda
, and
C. squamosus
were found to be within the reference dose limits determined by competent authorities and can be safely consumed in terms of all metals studied. However, the Cd, Co, and Fe contents of
C. micaceus
were found to be above 1.0 (1.06, 4.25, and 7.06, respectively). In addition, it has been found that
A. mellea
,
R. armeniacus
,
C. comatus
,
L. leucothites
, and
P. ostreatus
are toxic in terms of Cd/Co, Fe/Pb, Co/Fe, Cd, and Fe contents, respectively. As the area in question is a traffic intensive area, it has been concluded that the emissions of the vehicles should be controlled in terms of legal limits and that the consumption of some mushrooms in this region should not be preferred until necessary measures are taken.
The aim of this study was to determine the element content of wild edible and inedible mushroom species (
Agaricus campestris
,
Armillaria ostoyae
,
Boletus reticulatus
,
Bondarzewia mesenterica
,
...Bovistella utriformis
,
Cantharellus cibarius
,
Marasmius oreades
,
Megacollybia platyphylla
,
Meripilus giganteus
,
Neoboletus erythropus
,
Panellus stipticus
,
Phaeotremella foliacea
,
Pleurotus ostreatus
,
Podoscypha multizonata
,
Russula aurea
,
R. chloroides
,
R. virescens
,
T. versicolor
,
Trametes gibbose
, and
Trichaptum biforme
) collected from the Belgrad Forests and the Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Based on the results of elemental analyses, daily metal intake (DMI) and health risk index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms collected from both localities were also calculated. As, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Hg, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.16–3.45, 0.09–2.4, 0.15–2.34, 0.3–8.13, 0.28–11.44, 14.03–37.81, 3.87–108.57, 6.18–149.77, 11.9–776.1, 5.4–317.4, 7.4–355.2, 15.4–3517.3, 266.0–2500.0, and 628.0–24083.0 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of the DMI and HRI analyses, Cu concentration of
B. utriformis
(DMI: 46.53 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.16) and Cd concentrations of
A. campestris
(DMI: 0.49 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.36),
A. ostoyae
(DMI: 1.03 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 2.86),
B. utriformis
(DMI: 0.52 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.44), and
P. ostreatus
(DMI: 0.45 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.24) were found to exceed the legal limits determined by authorities. It was concluded that the species collected from the regions in question should be consumed in a controlled manner.
The ability of mushrooms to accumulate heavy metals has increased concerns over their toxic effects on human health in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the metal contents (Zn, Fe, ...Co, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd), daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) values of nineteen different mushroom species (edible, inedible, and poisonous) collected from Uzungol, Trabzon (Turkey). Although the area where mushrooms were collected has the status of “Natural Park,” there has been an excessive human settlement in recent years. Elemental analyses have shown that Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni concentrations in mushrooms were in the following ranges: 49.0–1713.0, 3.0–425.0, 3.0–154.0, 16.0–134.0, 0.17–1.79, 0.28–7.88, 0.07–5.68, and 0.24–6.82 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of DIM analysis, while it was determined that the daily consumption of
Hygrophorus pudorinus
,
Meripilus giganteus
, and
Sarcodon imbricatus
was safe for all the metals examined, HRI analysis showed that only
M. giganteus
and
S. imbricatus
can be consumed safely. The content of Cd was found to be above the legal limits determined by the competent authorities. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe-Pb, Cu-Zn, Cd-Co, Pb-Co, Cd-Fe, Co-Fe, Cd-Pb, and Fe-Mn pairs were statistically significant (
p
< 0.01). Although the data obtained from this study did not provide clear data on environmental pollution in the area where the samples were collected, it was concluded that the competent authorities should take measures regarding possible environmental pollution at this location.
Mushrooms are rich sources of organic nutrients (especially proteins). However, they can excessively accumulate metals in their fruiting bodies that pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study ...was the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents, daily intake, and health risk index values of some mushroom species collected from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey (Arsin, Trabzon). The samples were collected from hazelnut gardens that are free from industrial pollution and have a low population density. As a result of elemental analysis, it was determined that the concentration ranges of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the mushrooms were as follows: 0.29–9.11, 0.04–3.70, 0.01–8.29, 0.18–20.82, 3.1–79.8, 5.2–673.0, 14.9–752.0, 63.0–7769.0 mg/kg dry weight. Daily intakes of all the elements were found to be below the reference dose in
Fistulina hepatica
,
Hydnum repandum
,
Macrolepiota procera
, and
Tapinella atrotomentosa
.
Amanita caesarea
,
Agrocybe praecox
,
Amanita vaginata
,
Cantharellus cibarius
,
Craterellus cornucopioides
,
Daedalea quercina
,
Gymnopus dryophilus
,
Ganoderma lucidum
, and
Infundibulicybe gibba
were found to have high risk index values especially with respect to Cd, Co, and Pb. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe–Mn (0.840,
p
< 0.01) and Pb–Ni (0.7540,
p
< 0.01) couples are significant.
The aim of this study was to determine the essential element (Zn, Ca, K, Fe, Na, and Mg), essential trace element (Co, Mn, Cr, and Cu), and non-essential element (Pb, Ni, and Cd) contents of eight ...different
Russula
species (
R. risigallina
(Batsch) Sacc.,
R. cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr.,
R. delica
Fr.,
R. vinosa
Lindblad,
R. olivacea
(Schaeff.) Fr.,
R. velenovskyi
Melzer & Zvára,
R. turci
Bres., and
R. parazurea
Jul. Schäff.) collected from Soguksu National Park (Turkey), which is a region away from the city center (Kizilcahamam, Ankara). In addition to the metal contents of these species, daily intake and health risk index values of the metals in question were also calculated and discussed. As a result of elemental analysis, the major elements were K (28980–58,380 mg/kg), Mg (704–1404 mg/kg), and Ca (190–1662 mg/kg). Except for
R. risigallina
,
R. olivacea
, and
R. velenovskyi
, elemental concentrations were within the limits that can be safely consumed as nutrients in terms of their metal content. The daily intakes of metal (DIM) values of
R. risigallina
and
R. olivacea
for Cr exceed the reference dose limits (3.80 and 3.87 μg/kg body weight/serving, respectively). According to the health risk index (HRI) measurements, the HRI values of
R. risigallina
and
R. olivacea
for Cr and of
R. velenovskyi
for Cd were found to be above 1.0 and could pose a health risk. In order to analyze the mineral composition variability of the studied mushroom species, principal component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) techniques were also performed. Regarding the significant correlations between all descriptors (
r
> 0.7), there was a positive relationship between Mg–K, Ni–Co, Ni–Na, Cr–Ni, Cr–Co, Zn–Mg, Zn–K, Cd–Mg couples.
Background: Genus Stachys is one of the largest of the Lamiaceae family, having around 300 different plant species inhabiting areas with temperate and warm climates. The Stachys species in Turkey are ...represented with 81 taxa; 51 of them being endemic. Plants of the Stachys genus have been known for their biological activity and their use in ethnomedicine. Methods: The dominant components of S. cretica ssp. anatolica aqueous and methanol extracts were studied with the LC-MS/MS technique. Results: Chlorogenic acid, apigenin-7-glucoside and verbascoside present as the dominant polyphenols found in studied extracts. The prominent biological activity of the studied S. cretica ssp. anatolica methanol and aqueous extracts showed strong antioxidant activity and inhibition of enzymes tyrosinase and α-amylase, involved in skin disorders and diabetes mellitus type II. Conclusions: This study has proven that the aqueous and methanol extracts of S. cretica ssp. anatolica have prominent antioxidant activity, due to a high abundance of polyphenols. The strong antioxidant properties of S. cretica ssp. anatolica extracts show promising application for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.
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