COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death, however, the effectiveness diminishes with time. Here, we evaluated the longevity of antibodies ...generated by COIVD-19 vaccines and the risk of (re)infection in Bangladeshi population. Adults receiving two doses of AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna or Sinopharm vaccines were enrolled at 2-4 weeks after second dosing and followed-up at 4-monthly interval for 1 year. Data on COVID-like symptoms, confirmed COVID-19 infection, co-morbidities, and receipt of booster dose were collected; blood was collected for measuring spike (S)- and nucleocapsid (N)-specific antibodies. S-specific antibody titers reduced by ~ 50% at 1st follow-up visit and continued to decline unless re-stimulated by booster vaccine dose or (re)infection. Individuals infected between follow-up visits showed significantly lower S-antibody titers at preceding visits compared to the uninfected individuals. Pre-enrolment infection between primary vaccination dosing exhibited 60% and 50% protection against reinfection at 5 and 9 months, respectively. mRNA vaccines provided highest odds of protection from (re)infection up to 5 months (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.08), however, protection persisted for 9 months in AstraZeneca vaccine recipients (OR = 0.06). In conclusion, vaccine-mediated protection from (re)infection is partially linked to elevated levels of S-specific antibodies. AstraZeneca vaccine provided the longest protection.
•The phase locking behavior of superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (STJs) as stochastic magnetic bits induced by colored noise is studied.•White, blue and violet noise can promote the subthreshold STJ ...synchronization.•The phase locking of STJs is suppressed by pink noise and red noise.•Blue noise can make STJs get the lowest phase locking power consumption with order of 10−13J.
Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (STJs) are nanostructures with very low turnover barriers. The barrier height of an STJ is generally equal to the heat energy at room temperature; thus, it can oscillate automatically without external driving. Previous studies have shown that the randomness of an STJ can be driven by a subthreshold voltage. This synchronization can be adjusted using electrical noise, which is often considered as zero-field Gaussian white noise. However, the actual circuit and environment are inevitably associated with colored noise, which has not been considered previously. In this work, numerical simulations were performed to study the phase-locking characteristics of a single STJ with the aid of several typical types of colored noise. The results show that the phase-locked behavior of an STJ can be effectively enhanced by colored noise whose power spectral density per unit of bandwidth is proportional to its frequency. Meanwhile, colored noise whose power spectral density per unit of bandwidth and frequency are inversely proportional can suppress the synchronization of STJs by suppressing the increase in junction frequency.
Spin waves (SWs) have tremendous application potential in wave-based computation utilizing a broad frequency spectrum spanning from the gigahertz-to-terahertz ranges. Like optical and other ...electromagnetic waves, SWs also promise to usher in a new era of parallel data processing with low-power consumption without Joule heating. However, this potential is undermined by the lack of investigation on multichannel networking and operation on single chips under a uniform bias magnetic field. This study proposes a multifrequency SW propagation based on shape anisotropy in microstructured rectangular waveguides made of yttrium iron garnet (YIG). The width-dependent transmission properties of magnetostatic surface SWs in the YIG waveguides were experimentally demonstrated. We revealed that the smaller width of the waveguide results in lower SWs frequency due to the demagnetizing field along the width direction. Multifrequency SW propagation was demonstrated in a device where three waveguides with widths of 10, 20, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">100~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> were connected to the common antennas. SWs propagation with the frequencies of 1.98, 2.11, and 2.18 GHz have been transmitted under a uniform bias magnetic field. Furthermore, we investigated SWs transmission in a device where three waveguides with different widths were interconnected at their ends and under one side of the antenna. We observed that the interconnected waveguides result in a single resonant frequency with flat band transmission because the whole waveguide structure is considered a single magnetic body. The results presented here provide guidelines for complex networks in frequency-division multiplexing operation.
The unstable salinity level in the coast forced the aquaculture practice in saline conditions. The inherent genetic qualities of tilapia, one of the major contributors to aquaculture production ...worldwide, help domesticate easily in a diverse set of aquatic conditions. A set of pre-selected (genotypes of a specific marker) males (m) and females (f) from both Oreochromis niloticus (N) and O. mossambicus (M) were kept inside hapas with a 1:1 ratio for interspecific hybridization, O. niloticus × O. mossambicus. Four progenies of the interspecific hybrid, one of traditional intraspecific and one more of the unknown intraspecific genotypic progenies (F1) were considered to detect the superiority of growth and survival induced by salinity in relation to allelic sensitivity. Collected progenies from different cross combinations with two replications each were reared for comparing growth inside hapa within an earthen pond for 60 days. Survival probabilities were tested under salinity stress (gradual incline up to 30 ppt and then decline to freshwater condition by 22 days) inside plastic drums. Stocking similarities were followed and weight-defined feeding was applied. Similar growth was observed between intraspecific Nf × Nm offsprings and interspecific Mf × Nm progenies but the reciprocal of the interspecific cross (Nf × Mm) progenies demonstrated an inferior growth rate in the freshwater earthen pond (inside hapa). Among interspecific crosses: F1 hybrids of female M homozygous for the short allele (PrlLK_254/254) and male N homozygous for the long allele (PrlLK_281/281) showed superior growth performance while the F1 hybrid between female M homozygous for short (PrlLK_254/254) and male N homozygous for short allele (PrlLK_254/254) showed menial. Moreover, the F1 progenies produced by crossing homozygous short females M with homozygous long and heterozygous (long/short) showed superior growth compared to those produced by crossing with homozygous short males of N. On the other hand, F1 progeny produced by crossing homozygous short males of M with females of N (homozygous long) showed a comparatively inferior growth rate. Mf_254/254 × Nm_281/254 and Mf_254/254 × Nm_281/281 offspring displayed interaction effects with other groups. No mortality was recorded until 15 ppt and during the declining phase from 30 ppt to freshwater condition. By different cross types and sexes, the survival probabilities were not significantly different. Interspecific hybrids with homozygous alleles (either long or short) showed total survival probability whereas the heterozygous parent demonstrated the most awful survivability with significant dissimilarity (p = 0.04). Because the shorter allele is responsible for better survival inside higher salinity and the longer is for higher growth in freshwater; the selection of the parental group depending on marker assistant allelic segregation could propose a pertinent protocol in the coastal region.
•Homozygous short Mozambique female cross long Nile male F1 exhibited superior growth.•F1 of Homozygous short Mozambique female and Nile male showed the worst growth.•No mortality during inclining salinity to 15 ppt and declining from 30 to freshwater.•Hybrids of homozygous manifested complete survival whereas heterozygous bared worse.
Traditionally, sesame oil (SO) has been used as a popular food and medicine. The review aims to summarize the antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of SO and its identified compounds as well as ...further fatty acid profiling and molecular docking study to correlate the interaction of its identified constituents with cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). For this, a literature study was made using Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SciFinder databases. Literature study demonstrated that SO has potential antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects in various test systems, including humans, animals, and cultured cells through various pathways such as inhibition of COX, nonenzymatic defense mechanism, inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, NF‐kB or mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling, and prostaglandin synthesis pathway. Fatty acid analysis of SO using gas chromatography identified known nine fatty acids. In silico study revealed that sesamin, sesaminol, sesamolin, stigmasterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, and Δ7‐avenasterol (−9.6 to −10.7 kcal/mol) were the most efficient ligand for interaction and binding with COX‐2. The known fatty acid also showed binding efficiency with COX‐2 to some extent (−6.0 to −8.4 kcal/mol). In summary, it is evident that SO may be one of promising traditional medicines that we could use in the prevention and management of diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
•The quadstable logical stochastic resonance (QLSR) system is proposed.•Ant lion optimizer is used for optimizing the parameters for the QLSR.•The noise margin of the QLSR is significantly larger ...than that of the tristable logical stochastic resonance (TLSR).•When the heavy noise floor contains pulses, the pulse robustness of QLSR and TLSR is comparable.•Under the same noise condition, the output signal quality of QLSR is better than that of TLSR.
Logical stochastic resonance (LSR) is a paradigm to realize reconfigurable robust Boolean operations using specific nonlinearity in the presence of background noise. The stable-state number of the traditional LSR is less than four, which restricts its upper limit in the heavy noise floor. To further improve the noise robustness and output quality of LSR, we proposed quadstable nonlinearity based LSR system for the first time in this work. Using the parameters determined by the ant lion optimizer, we compare the performance of proposed quadstable LSR (QLSR) and traditional tristable LSR (TLSR) as reconfigurable logic gates in the heavy noise floor. The results show that in the heavy noise floor with noise intensity fluctuation, the maximum noise intensity that the QLSR can withstand is significantly higher than the that of TLSR. When the heavy noise floor contains pulses, the pulse robustness of QLSR and TLSR is comparable. Nevertheless, the quantitative indexes reveal that larger stable-state numbers endow the QLSR a stronger ability to extract noise energy for enhancing logic information; thus, the output quality of QLSR is better than that of TLSR.
We consider a secure wireless multicasting scenario over Generalized
κ
-
μ
fading channels via multiple amplify-and-forward cooperative relays. In the first hop, a source
S
transmits a common stream ...of information to a group of
K
relays. In the second hop, the best relay which has the highest signal-to-noise ratio, forwards the amplified version of information to a group of
M
destination users in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. We assume that there is no direct link between source and destination users as well as eavesdroppers. Destinations and eavesdroppers are communicating with the source via relays only. The key contribution of this paper is to enhance the security of wireless multicasting using the additional diversity provided by the best relay of
K
relays. In order to investigate the performance of the proposed model, we derive the analytical expressions for the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity and the secure outage probability in terms of the number of relays, destination users and eavesdroppers. Finally, the analytical expressions are verified via Monte Carlo simulation.
•Numerical investigation of levy noise influence on subthreshold SMTJ synchronization.•Levy noise pulse can weaken the stability of the subthreshold synchronization of SMTJ.•Enhancement of noise ...asymmetry promotes SMTJ subthreshold synchronization.
Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are spintronic nanodevices that can oscillate spontaneously under the influence of thermal noise. Studies have proposed that SMTJs can be modeled as magnetic neurons by subjecting them to electrical Gaussian white noise and can be subsequently synchronized under subthreshold driving. Considering the non-Gaussian background noise in industrial applications, this study investigated the influence of levy noise on SMTJ subthreshold synchronization. The results revealed that levy noise with weak pulse characteristics can be used to promote the subthreshold synchronization of the SMTJs, whereas levy noise with enhanced pulse characteristics cannot be used. Under the same conditions, enhanced levy noise asymmetry is advantageous for achieving SMTJ synchronization under subthreshold driving.
•A nano-zigzag pattern is self-organized in the manganite thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition.•A thermal annealing treatment promotes crystalline phase separation in nanoscale driven by the ...Jahn-Teller effect.•The magnetic properties strongly depend on the annealing time, which can be attributed to the inter-diffusion of cations.
The fabrication of highly-ordered nanostructures by self-organization is one of the greatest challenges in nano science. Herein, we report the formation of a self-organized nanostructure in the CoGa0.8Mn1.2O4 thin film through a thermal annealing treatment. The thin film as-deposited by pulsed laser deposition exhibits a single crystalline phase epitaxially oriented along the 001 direction the SrTiO3 001 substrate. Post-annealing in air was found to promote crystalline phase separation into tetragonal and cubic phases driven by the Jahn–Teller effect resulting in the formation of the nano-zigzag pattern. The structural and magnetic properties of the nanostructured films strongly depend on the annealing time, which can be attributed to the inter-diffusion of Ga and Mn ions.
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