Background & objectives: Information on recent cancer statistics is important for planning, monitoring and evaluating cancer control activities. This article aims to provide an update on the cancer ...incidence estimates in India by sex, age groups and anatomical sites for the year 2022.
Methods: The National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, reported the cancer incidence from 28 Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) for the years 2012-2016. This was used as the basis to calculate cancer estimates in India. Information pertaining to the population at risk was extracted from the Census of India (2001 and 2011) for the estimation of age-sex stratified population. PBCRs were categorised into the respective State and regions of the country to understand the epidemiology of cancer. The age-specific incidence rate for each specific anatomical site of cancer was applied to the estimated population to derive the number of cancer cases in India for 2022.
Results: The estimated number of incident cases of cancer in India for the year 2022 was found to be 14,61,427 (crude rate:100.4 per 100,000). In India, one in nine people are likely to develop cancer in his/her lifetime. Lung and breast cancers were the leading sites of cancer in males and females, respectively. Among the childhood (0-14 yr) cancers, lymphoid leukaemia (boys: 29.2% and girls: 24.2%) was the leading site. The incidence of cancer cases is estimated to increase by 12.8 per cent in 2025 as compared to 2020.
Interpretation & conclusions: The cancer incidence is continuing to increase in India. The new estimates will be helpful in planning cancer prevention and control activities through the intervention of early detection, risk reduction and management.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PURPOSE
The systematic collection of data on cancer is being performed by various population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) and hospital-based cancer registries (HBCRs) across India under the ...National Cancer Registry Programme–National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research of Indian Council of Medical Research since 1982.
METHODS
This study examined the cancer incidence, patterns, trends, projections, and mortality from 28 PBCRs and also the stage at presentation and type of treatment of patients with cancer from 58 HBCRs (N = 667,666) from the pooled analysis for the composite period 2012-2016. Time trends in cancer incidence rate were generated as annual percent change from 16 PBCRs (those with a minimum of 10 years of continuous good data available) using Joinpoint regression.
RESULTS
Aizawl district (269.4) and Papumpare district (219.8) had the highest age-adjusted incidence rates among males and females, respectively. The projected number of patients with cancer in India is 1,392,179 for the year 2020, and the common 5 leading sites are breast, lung, mouth, cervix uteri, and tongue. Trends in cancer incidence rate showed an increase in all sites of cancer in both sexes and were high in Kamrup urban (annual percent change, 3.8%; P < .05). The majority of the patients with cancer were diagnosed at the locally advanced stage for breast (57.0%), cervix uteri (60.0%), head and neck (66.6%), and stomach (50.8%) cancer, whereas in lung cancer, distant metastasis was predominant among males (44.0%) and females (47.6%).
CONCLUSION
This study provides a framework for assessing the status and trends of cancer in India. It shall guide appropriate support for action to strengthen efforts to improve cancer prevention and control to achieve the national noncommunicable disease targets and the sustainable development goals.
BackgroundTo provide a comprehensive assessment of women cancer in India utilizing the systematically collected data on all cancers by the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP).MethodsThe study ...examined 10,2287 cancer cases among women cancers providing cancer burden for major anatomical sites. Aggregated data of 28 PBCRs and 58 HBCRs under NCRP for 2012–16 was analysed for incidence rates, trends, cumulative risk of developing cancer, stage at detection and treatments offered.ResultsStudy results have found region –wide variation of women cancers by indicating highest proportions in western followed by southern region of India. North-Eastern region had lowest proportion. It was observed that breast is highest ranking cancer in most registry areas of urban agglomerations of country while cancer cervix was leading site in registries of rural areas like Barshi (15.3) and Osmanabad &Beed (13.1). States of Mizoram (23.2) and Tripura (9.5) along with Pasighat, Cachar and Nagaland. Median age of occurrence for women for these anatomical sites ranged from 45 to 60 years of age. For cancer breast, cervix and ovary –most cases were detected with regional spread. These findings were different for cancer corpus uteri where registries have reported higher proportions (49.3 %) of localized stage at detection. Loco regional cancers had higher proportions of multimodality treatments.ConclusionStudy provides a foundation for assessing the status of women cancers in the country. Variations between geographies would guide appropriate support for action to strengthen efforts to improve cancer prevention and control in underserved areas of the country. This would facilitate advocacy for better investments and research on women cancers.
Background & objectives: Lung cancer is a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries such as India. The present article describes the epidemiology, and clinical profile of ...lung cancer in India, based on recent data from the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP).
Methods: The latest data on lung cancer from the NCRP were collated from 28 population-based cancer registries and 58 hospital-based cancer registries across a five-year (2012-2016) reporting period.
Results: The highest age-adjusted incidence rate and mortality (AAMR) was found amongst males and females in the Aizawl district of Mizoram. A significant increase in the annual per cent change of lung cancer incidence was observed in metropolitan cities from 1982 to 2016. About one-third of the cases (36.5%) in males and females (31.7%) were recorded in the age group of 55-64 yr. Adenocarcinoma accounted for about a third (34.3%) of the morphological type in males and half (52.7% ) amongst females. Out of 22,645 recorded lung cancer cases, close to half (44.8%) of the patients presented with distant spread, while over one-third (35.3%) had loco-regional spread of disease at the time of diagnosis.
Interpretation & conclusions: Our estimates suggest that the number of cases is expected to rise sharply to 81,219 cases amongst males and 30,109 in females in 2025. The rising incidence and delayed diagnosis of lung cancer in India are grave concerns. The findings of the present study call for scaling up and intensification of lung cancer-specific preventive, early diagnosis and control measures.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Population‐based cancer survival is a key indicator for assessing the effectiveness of cancer control by a health care system in a specific geographic area. Breast cancer is the most ...common cancer among women in India, accounting for over one quarter of all female cancers. The objective of this study was to estimate the 5‐year survival of female patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 2012 and 2015 from the existing Population‐Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) in India.
Methods
In total, 17,331 patients who had breast cancer diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 from 11 PBCRs were followed until June 30, 2021. Active methods were used to track the vital status of registered breast cancer cases. The study conducted survival analysis by calculating the difference between the date of first diagnosis and the date of death or censoring to estimate observed survival and relative survival using the actuarial survival approach and the Ederer‐II approach, respectively.
Results
The 5‐year age‐standardized relative survival (95% confidence interval CI) of patients with breast cancer was 66.4% (95% CI, 65.5%–67.3%). Mizoram (74.9%; 95% CI, 68.1%–80.8%), Ahmedabad urban (72.7%; 95% CI, 70.3%–74.9%), Kollam (71.5%; 95% CI, 69.2%–73.6%), and Thiruvananthapuram (69.1%; 95% CI, 67.0%–71.2%) had higher survival rates than the national average. Conversely, Pasighat had the lowest survival rate (41.9%; 95% CI, 14.7%–68.6%). The 5‐year observed survival rates for localized, regional, and distant metastasis in the pooled PBCRs were 81.0%, 65.5%, and 18.3%, respectively.
Conclusions
The overall disparity in survival rates was observed across 11 PBCRs, with lower survival rates reported in Manipur, Tripura, and Pasighat. Therefore, it is imperative to implement comprehensive cancer control strategies widely throughout the country.
In the largest analysis of population‐based cancer survival to date covering 17,331 female breast cancers from 11 cancer registries in India, disparities in survival indicate that comprehensive breast cancer control strategies should be implemented across the country.
•Breast and cervical cancers are the two most common cancers among Indian women.•There was a significant increase in breast cancer while decrease in cervical cancer among all PBCRs over 25–30-year ...period.•Controlling modifiable risk factors associated with the cancers and implement the intervention of screening, vaccination, early detection and prompt treatment.
Trend analysis in cancer quantifies the incidence rate and explains the trend and pattern. Breast and cervical cancers are the two most common cancers among Indian women which contributed 39.4 % to the total cancer in India for the year 2020. This study aimed to report the time trends in cancer incidence of breast and cervical cancer using Age–Period–Cohort (APC) model from five Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) in India for the period of 1985–2014.
Age-Period-Cohort model was fitted to five PBCRs of Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Bhopal and Barshi rural for breast and cervical cancer for 25−74 age-groups. The Estimated Annual Percent Change (EAPC) was calculated. Rate Ratio (RR) of cohort effects were estimated with a constraint of period slope to be zero (p = 0) since cohort has a stronger association with incidence than period.
A significant increase was noted in breast cancer in all PBCRs (EAPC, Range: Delhi, 1.2 % to Bangalore, 2.7 %) while significant decrease in cervical cancer (EAPC, Range: Bangalore -2.5 % to Chennai, -4.6 %) from all the PBCRs including Barshi rural during the period. RR estimates for breast cancer showed increasing trend whereas cervical cancer showed decreasing trend in successive birth cohorts across all five PBCRs.
In both breast and cervical cancers, a significant age, cohort and period effect was noted in Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi. Despite period effect, the cohort effect was predominant and it may be attributed to the generational changes in risk factors among cancer breast and cervix.
Cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The cancer burden varies within the regions of India posing great challenges in its prevention and control. The national burden ...assessment remains as a task which relies on statistical models in many developing countries, including India, due to cancer not being a notifiable disease. This study quantifies the cancer burden in India for 2016, adjusted mortality to incidence (AMI) ratio and projections for 2021 and 2025 from the National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP) and other publicly available data sources.
Primary data on cancer incidence and mortality between 2012 and 2016 from 28 Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs), all-cause mortality from Sample Registration Systems (SRS) 2012-16, lifetables and disability weight from World Health Organization (WHO), the population from Census of India and cancer prevalence using the WHO-DisMod-II tool were used for this study. The AMI ratio was estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method from longitudinal NCRP-PBCR data (2001-16). The burden was quantified at national and sub-national levels as crude incidence, mortality, Years of Life Lost (YLLs), Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The projections for the years 2021 and 2025 were done by the negative binomial regression model using STATA.
The projected cancer burden in India for 2021 was 26.7 million DALYs
and expected to increase to 29.8 million in 2025. The highest burden was in the north (2408 DALYs
per 100,000) and northeastern (2177 DALYs
per 100,000) regions of the country and higher among males. More than 40% of the total cancer burden was contributed by the seven leading cancer sites - lung (10.6%), breast (10.5%), oesophagus (5.8%), mouth (5.7%), stomach (5.2%), liver (4.6%), and cervix uteri (4.3%).
This study demonstrates the use of reliable data sources and DisMod-II tools that adhere to the international standard for assessment of national and sub-national cancer burden. A wide heterogeneity in leading cancer sites was observed within India by age and sex. The results also highlight the need to focus on non-leading sites of cancer by age and sex. These findings can guide policymakers to plan focused approaches towards monitoring efforts on cancer prevention and control. The study simplifies the methodology used for arriving at the burden estimates and thus, encourages researchers across the world to take up similar assessments with the available data.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes more than one-fourth of infection related cancers globally. The present study summarises the epidemiology of HPV related cancers in India, with a special focus on ...cervical and oropharyngeal cancer, utilising the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) data. The data on HPV related cancer incidence and treatment were extracted from 28 population-based and 96 hospital-based cancer registries under the NCRP network. Incidence was presented as rates, clinical extent of disease and treatment provided as percentages. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to calculate annual percent change in age adjusted incidence rates (AARs) over time. Incidence of HPV related cancers for 2025 was projected. Among all cancers, 7.5% were HPV related cancers. Cervical cancer (87.6%) and oropharyngeal cancer (63.2%) were the most common HPV related cancers in India among females and males, respectively. Cervical cancer was highest in Papumpare district (AAR: 27.7 per 100,000) and oropharyngeal cancer among males in East Khasi Hills district Population Based Cancer Registry (AAR: 11.4 per 100,000). In most PBCRS, cervical cancer incidence rate decreased significantly over the period of time. The majority of these cancers presented at locoregional spread stage of the disease and were treated with chemoradiation. The projected incidence of HPV related cancers is expected to increase to 121,302 by 2025. Implementation of effective prevention and control strategies like HPV vaccination and scaling up of screening could reduce the burden of HPV related cancers. Evidence from NCRP serves as the baseline to monitor the impact of HPV related policies and programmes in improving the outcome and prognosis.
This study aims to examine the association between exposure to major ambient air pollutants and the incidence and mortality of lung cancer and some nonlung cancers.
This meta-analysis used PubMed and ...EMBASE databases to access published studies that met the eligibility criteria. Primary analysis investigated the association between exposure to air pollutants and cancer incidence and mortality. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software.
The meta-analysis included 61 studies, of which 53 were cohort studies and eight were case-control studies. Particulate matter 2.5 mm or less in diameter (PM
) was the exposure pollutant in half (55.5%), and lung cancer was the most frequently studied cancer in 59% of the studies. A pooled analysis of exposure reported in cohort and case-control studies and cancer incidence demonstrated a significant relationship (relative risk RR, 1.04 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05;
, 88.93%;
< .05). A significant association was observed between exposure to pollutants such as PM
(RR, 1.08 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.12;
, 68.52%) and nitrogen dioxide (NO
) (RR, 1.03 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05;
, 73.52%) and lung cancer incidence. The relationship between exposure to the air pollutants and cancer mortality demonstrated a significant relationship (RR, 1.08 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.10;
, 94.77%;
< .001). Among the four pollutants, PM
(RR, 1.15 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.22;
, 95.33%) and NO
(RR, 1.05 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08;
, 89.98%) were associated with lung cancer mortality.
The study confirms the association between air pollution exposure and lung cancer incidence and mortality. The meta-analysis results could contribute to community cancer prevention and diagnosis and help inform stakeholders and policymakers in decision making.
Objective: A comprehensive coordinated effort was undertaken by National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) and its coordinating unit in an Indian State – Haryana, to map cancer incidence, to provide ...regional overview of geographical patterns of Cancer within state of Haryana to serve as basis for informing public and policy makers. Methods: Information on new cases, residents of Haryana state, and diagnosed with cancer during years 2016 -17 was collected from several medical set-ups in 21 districts across Haryana and its neighboring states. Data received from Hospitals registered under NCRP was also included. Age-Adjusted incidence Rates (AARs) were calculated by gender and site for each district in State. All districts were used for comparison of AARs with rates to those from established population based cancer registries. Cumulative risk of developing cancer was calculated.Results: Data from 36736 cases was collated. Comparison of AARs revealed that there are high incidence rates of head and neck cancers in males, whereas cancer breast was leading site in females. Relative proportions of cancers of sites associated with use of tobacco, were found high in some semi-urban districts of state. Project has recognized and substantiated need of setting up of screening programmes and Population Based Cancer Registry in Haryana. The study was done using an electronic data-capture methodology which is remarkably cost-effective and provides a model for health informatics in setting of developing country.Conclusion: Contiguous areas of high incidence of cancer recorded in state have shown higher rates of tobacco related cancers (Head & Neck, Lung) necessitating rigorous control on tobacco usage. Higher incidence of certain cancers associated with reproductive system of both men (prostate) and women (cervix and breast) implicates factors such as lifestyle changes due to urbanization. Overall, the project is a step towards good cancer statistics availability in the country.
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