We consider the Cauchy problem of one-dimensional dissipative nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a critical power nonlinearity. In the previous work, Ogawa–Sato (Nonlinear Differ Equ Appl 27:18, ...2020) showed the upper
L
2
-decay estimate of dissipative solutions in the analytic class. In this paper, we show that
L
2
-decay rate obtained in the previous work is optimal for special solutions by obtaining the lower
L
2
-decay estimate.
We consider the Cauchy problem for the dissipative nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a critical cubic nonlinearity in one space dimension. We show the global uniform bound of dissipative solutions ...in the Gevrey class and its
L
2
-decay order without any restriction of the size of smooth initial data.
Michon (1985) and Watanabe (2016) proposed a driving model that encompasses the cognitive process of driving, which consists of cognition-prediction-judgment-operation. The model is largely divided ...into three levels : strategic level ; planning of driving, tactical level ; situation understanding, prediction and judgment, and operation decision, and operational level ; actual driving operation. The higher brain functions involved in each of the above are considered to be executive functions, and functions for recognizing the situation using visual and auditory sensory modalities, focusing attention and distributing attention, and executing the situation. The cognitive load in such driving behavior varies depending on the driving environment. In a comparison of neuropsychological tests between a group of patients with aphasia who could resume driving and a group of patients who did not resume driving, significant differences were found in the MMSE, BIT letter erasure, WAIS arithmetic, BADS zoo map, and modified 6 elements test. These results suggest that language function may influence driving behavior. In the comparison by BDAE, significant differences were found in MMSE, TMT-A and B, and WAIS digit symbol-coding. Although it is possible that the severity of the aphasia may affect the results, further investigation is needed.
We consider the Cauchy problem for the dissipative nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a cubic nonlinear term
λ
|
u
|
2
u
, where
λ
∈
C
with Im
λ
<
0
. We prove the global existence of a unique ...solution and obtain the uniform estimate in the Gevrey class. Using the uniform regularity estimate, we show the
L
2
-decay rate for the solution which has the Gevrey regularity.
We study an optimal L2-decay of solutions to the Cauchy problem of the n-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a long-range dissipative nonlinearity. Our purpose is to show that the ...optimal L2-decay of dissipative solutions is given by (logt)−n/2 in higher space dimensions.
Mammalian male germ-cell development consists of three distinct phases: primordial germ cell (PGC) development, male germ-cell specification for spermatogonium development, and ensuing ...spermatogenesis. Here, we show an in vitro reconstitution of whole male germ-cell development by pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are induced into PGC-like cells (mPGCLCs), which are expanded for epigenetic reprogramming. In reconstituted testes under an optimized condition, such mPGCLCs differentiate into spermatogonium-like cells with proper developmental transitions, gene expression, and cell-cycle dynamics and are expanded robustly as germline stem cell-like cells (GSCLCs) with an appropriate androgenetic epigenome. Importantly, GSCLCs show vigorous spermatogenesis, not only upon transplantation into testes in vivo but also under an in vitro culture of testis transplants, and the resultant spermatids contribute to fertile offspring. By uniting faithful recapitulations of the three phases of male germ-cell development, our study creates a paradigm for the in vitro male gametogenesis by PSCs.
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•An optimized strategy for generating spermatogonium-like cells from mouse PSCs•A faithful reconstitution for male germ-cell specification for spermatogonial development•PSC-derived germline stem cells for robust spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro•A paradigm for the in vitro reconstitution of whole male germ-cell development
Male germ-cell development is a complex process that leads to the generation of haploid male gametes, the spermatozoa. Using the mouse as a model, Ishikura and colleagues establish a strategy to create functional spermatozoa from pluripotent stem cells in vitro by reconstituting entire male germ-cell development in a stepwise manner.
The in vitro propagation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) became possible in 2003; these cultured SSCs were named germ-line stem (GS) cells. To date, however, it has not been possible to ...induce spermatogenesis from GS cells in vitro. Recently, we succeeded in producing functional sperm from primitive spermatogonia in explanted neonatal mouse testis tissues. Here we describe a protocol that can support spermatogenesis from GS cells up to sperm formation in vitro using an organ culture method. GS cells transplanted in the extracted testis form colonies in the tissue fragments and differentiate into sperm under the described in vitro organ culture conditions. It takes about 6 weeks to obtain sperm from GS cells. The sperm are viable, resulting in healthy offspring through micro-insemination. Thus, this protocol should be a valuable tool for the study of mammalian spermatogenesis.
This paper provides a theoretical and experimental discussion about the performance, availability, and flexibility of a battery energy storage system (BESS) using a modular multilevel cascaded ...converter based on single-star bridge cells (MMCC-SSBC). The SSBC-based BESS produces three-phase multilevel voltage waveforms, and eliminates both harmonic filters and a complicated zig-zag transformer from the ac side. The circuit modularity of the SSBC enables the usage of multiple individual low-voltage battery modules. Along with control strategy based on zero-sequence-voltage injection, this modularity enhances the availability and flexibility of the BESS. A three-phase laboratory downscaled system rated at 140 V, 10 kW, and 21 kW·h is designed, constructed, and tested to verify the operating principles and performance. The tested BESS produces a current total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3.0% even when it operates with different active-power commands for individual bridge cells. In addition, zero-voltage ride-through capability is verified for the severest single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase voltage sags. Mathematical analysis and experimental verification validate the downscaled system and performance, making the BESS prospective.
Infectious diseases can impact human welfare and impede wildlife management. Much recent research explores whether biodiversity increases or decreases infectious disease risk. Here, we theoretically ...study the relationship between vector species richness and the risk of vector-borne diseases using an epidemiological model of a single host and multiple vectors. The model considers that vectors are involved in interspecific feeding interference that causes transmission interference and in interspecific recruitment competition that mediates susceptible vector regulation. The model reveals three possible shapes of the vector richness–disease risk relationship: monotonic amplification, hump-shaped, and monotonic dilution patterns. The monotonic amplification pattern occurs across a wide parameter region. The hump-shaped and monotonic dilution patterns are found when transmission interference is strong and recruitment competition is weak. Unexpectedly, susceptible vector regulation not only promotes dilution but can strengthen amplification if coupled with strong transmission interference. Our results suggest that vector richness might be more likely to cause amplification rather than dilution, and shifts in the community mean trait values of vectors could also affect disease risk along the vector richness gradient.
