Immune‐checkpoint inhibitors improve the survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Although recent studies have demonstrated that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) ...has critical roles in immunotherapy, the precise mechanisms involved are unclear. Therefore, further investigations of TIME are required for the improvement of immunotherapy. The frequency of effector regulatory T‐cells (eTregs) and the expression of immune‐checkpoint molecules (ICM) on eTregs and conventional T‐cells (Tconvs) both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from HNSCC patients were analyzed by flow cytometry and their distributions were evaluated by multi‐color immunofluorescence microscopy. High frequency eTreg infiltration into HNSCC tissues was observed and high expressions of CD25, FOXP3, stimulatory‐ICM (4‐1BB, ICOS, OX40 and GITR) and inhibitory‐ICM (programmed cell death‐1 PD‐1 and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 CTLA‐4) were found on invasive eTregs. In contrast, the expression of stimulatory‐ICM on Tconvs was low and the expression of inhibitory‐ICM was high. In addition, ICM‐ligands (programmed cell death‐1 PD‐L1, galectin‐9 and CEACAM‐1) were frequently expressed on cancer cells. PD‐L1 and galectin‐9 were also expressed on macrophages. PD‐1+ T‐cells interacted with PD‐L1+ cancer cells or PD‐L1+ macrophages. This suggested that in TIL, eTregs are highly activated, but Tconvs are exhausted or inactivated by eTregs and immune‐checkpoint systems, and ICM and eTregs are strongly involved in the creation of an immunosuppressive environment in HNSCC tissues. These suggested eTreg targeting drugs are expected to be a combination partner with immune‐checkpoint inhibitors that will improve immunotherapy of HNSCC.
Frequencies of eTregs populations (CD45RA‐FOXP3hi) in CD4+ T‐cells of PBL and TIL from HNSCC patients were compared. High frequency of eTreg infiltration into HNSCC tissues was revealed. In addition, MFI of CD25 and FOXP3 in eTreg of TIL were higher than in PBL, which indicates that eTreg in TIL are not only highly infiltrated into the tissues but also are highly activated.
Background
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is detected in a variety of B‐cell lymphomas (BCLs) and B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B‐LPDs). Immunodeficiency has been considered to play a key role in ...the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, immune escape of tumor cells may also contribute to the development of EBV+ BCLs and B‐LPDs. The PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway is particularly important for immune escape of tumor cells that contribute to development of lymphoma through suppression of cytotoxic T‐cell function. We now consider PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) a very useful method for predicting whether tumor cells of lymphoid malignancies are characterized by the immune escape mechanism.
Methods
We reviewed articles of EBV+ BCLs and B‐LPDs from the perspective of immune escape and immunodeficiency, particularly focusing on PD‐L1 IHC.
Results
Based on PD‐L1 IHC, we consider that EBV+ BCL and B‐LPD can be classified into three types: “immunodeficiency”, “immune escape”, and “immunodeficiency + immune escape” type. The immunodeficiency type includes EBV+ diffuse large BCL (DLBCL) of the elderly, EBV+ sporadic Burkitt lymphoma, EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer, and methotrexate (MTX)‐associated B‐LPD. The immune escape type includes EBV+ classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and EBV+ DLBCL of the young. The immunodeficiency + immune escape type includes CHL type MTX‐associated LPD and a minor subset of EBV+ DLBCL of the elderly.
Conclusions
Recently, good results have been reported for immune check‐point inhibitors in treating lymphoma. Lymphomas and LPDs characterized by immune escape are regarded as good candidates for PD1/PD‐L1 blockade therapy. Therefore, from both the clinical and pathological perspective, we suggest that lymphoma diagnosis should be made considering immune escape and immunodeficiency.
We now consider PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) a very useful method for predicting whether tumor cells of lymphoid malignancies are characterized by the immune escape mechanism. Based on PD‐L1 IHC, we consider that EBV + BCL and B‐LPD can be classified into three types: “immunodeficiency,” “immune escape,” and “immunodeficiency + immune escape” type.
The Immunology of DLBCL Takahara, Taishi; Nakamura, Shigeo; Tsuzuki, Toyonori ...
Cancers,
01/2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive malignancy and is the most common type of malignant lymphoid neoplasm. While some DLBCLs exhibit strong cell-autonomous survival and ...proliferation activity, others depend on interactions with non-malignant cells for their survival and proliferation. Recent next-generation sequencing studies have linked these interactions with the molecular classification of DLBCL. For example, germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL tends to show strong associations with follicular T cells and epigenetic regulation of immune recognition molecules, whereas activated B-cell-like DLBCL shows frequent genetic aberrations affecting the class I major histocompatibility complex. Single-cell technologies have also provided detailed information about cell-cell interactions and the cell composition of the microenvironment of DLBCL. Aging-related immunological deterioration, i.e., immunosenescence, also plays an important role in DLBCL pathogenesis, especially in Epstein-Barr virus-positive DLBCL. Moreover, DLBCL in "immune-privileged sites"-where multiple immune-modulating mechanisms exist-shows unique biological features, including frequent down-regulation of immune recognition molecules and an immune-tolerogenic tumor microenvironment. These advances in understanding the immunology of DLBCL may contribute to the development of novel therapies targeting immune systems.
We study terahertz (THz) radiation transmission through grating-gate graphene-based nanostructures. We report on room-temperature THz radiation amplification stimulated by current-driven plasmon ...excitation. Specifically, with an increase of the dc current under periodic charge density modulation, we observe a strong redshift of the resonant THz plasmon absorption, followed by a window of complete transparency to incoming radiation and subsequent amplification and blueshift of the resonant plasmon frequency. Our results are, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental observation of energy transfer from dc current to plasmons leading to THz amplification. Additionally, we present a simple model offering a phenomenological description of the observed THz amplification. This model shows that in the presence of a dc current the radiation-induced correction to dissipation is sensitive to the phase shift between oscillations of carrier density and drift velocity. And, with an increasing current, the dissipation becomes negative, leading to amplification. The experimental results of this work, as all obtained at room-temperature, pave the way toward the new 2D plasmon-based, voltage-tunable THz radiation amplifiers.
IgG4‐related disease (RD) is a relatively new entity, which was first proposed in 2001. Since then, clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease have been investigated. As IgG4‐RD has ...been studied extensively, the diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐RD of each organ and the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐RD have also been developed. However, one of the biggest challenges in the field is distinguishing between IgG4‐RD and mimickers, which show overlapping features with IgG4‐RD. It is now known that some non‐IgG4‐RDs may meet the diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐RD and can be misdiagnosed as IgG4‐RD. However, accurate diagnosis is crucial, as the treatments for IgG4‐RD and those for other diseases that may be misdiagnosed as IgG4‐RD are different. This prompted us to create and propose comprehensive exclusion criteria for IgG4‐RD. In this review, we have described the comprehensive exclusion criteria for IgG4‐RD, with a historical overview of the disease. These exclusion criteria were recently created by the Research Program for Intractable Disease of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan, All Japan IgG4 team, to support correct and accurate diagnosis of IgG4‐RD.
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) typically arises from sites such as the stomach, where there is no organized lymphoid tissue. Close associations ...between
and gastric MALT lymphoma or
and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) have been established. A subset of tumors is associated with chromosomal rearrangement and/or genetic alterations. This disease often presents as localized disease, requiring diverse treatment approaches, from antibiotic therapy to radiotherapy and immunochemotherapy. Eradication therapy for
effectively cures gastric MALT lymphoma in most patients. However, treatment strategies for
-negative gastric MALT lymphoma are still challenging. In addition, the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy has been controversial in intestinal MALT lymphoma, except for IPSID. Endoscopic treatment has been noted to usually achieve complete remission in endoscopically resectable colorectal MALT lymphoma with localized disease. MALT lymphoma has been excluded from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders with the exception of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). We also describe the expanding spectrum of EBV-negative MZL and a close association of the disease with the gastrointestinal tract.
Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) are lymphoid neoplasms derived from B cells and consist histologically of large neoplastic cells known as Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and abundant reactive bystander ...cells. HLs include two main types, classic HL (CHL) and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (NLPHL). Recent molecular analyses have revealed that an immune evasion mechanism, particularly the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, plays a key role in the development of CHL. Other highlighted key pathways in CHL are NF-κB and JAK/STAT. These advances have dramatically changed the treatment for CHL, particularly relapsed/refractory CHL. For example, PD-1 inhibitors are now widely used in relapsed/refractory CHL. Compared with CHL, NLPHL is more characterized by preserved B cell features. Overlapping morphological and molecular features between NLPHL and T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) have been reported, and biological continuity between these two entities has been highlighted. Some THRLBCLs are considered to represent progression from NLPHLs. With considerable new understanding becoming available from molecular studies in HLs, therapies and classification of HLs are continually evolving. This paper offers a summary of and update on the pathological and molecular features of HLs for a better understanding of the diseases.
Background
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease and the most common gastrointestinal lymphoma. The prognostic/predictive indicators among patients with gastric and ...intestinal DLBCL (giDLBCL) are controversial beyond their anatomical sites. We compared giDLBCL cases and investigated the clinical utility of newly emerging indicators with an emphasis on programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression.
Methods
This retrospective study included 174 patients with primary gastric (
n
= 129) or intestinal (
n
= 45) DLBCL treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy between 1995 and 2018.
Results
Compared with gastric DLBCL (gDLBCL) cases, patients with intestinal DLBCL (iDLBCL) had a significantly higher rate of advanced Lugano stage (71% vs 37%,
P
< 0.001), perforation (13% vs. 0.8%,
P
= 0.001), PD-L1 expression on microenvironment immune cells (miPD-L1, 70% vs 46%,
P
= 0.008), CD10 positivity (47% vs 28%,
P
= 0.027), and CD5 positivity (9% vs 1.6%,
P
= 0.040). The iDLBCL patients showed significantly worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than gDLBCL cases (
P
= 0.0338 and
P
= 0.0077, respectively). PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was detected in only 3 (2%) of 174 cases with early relapse and/or an aggressive clinical course; whereas, miPD-L1-positive cases had significantly better OS than the miPD-L1-negative gDLBCL and iDLBCL cases (
P
= 0.0281 and
P
= 0.0061, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that miPD-L1 negativity (
P
= 0.030) was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS in giDLBCL.
Conclusions
The anatomical site of disease did not influence outcome in giDLBCL cases treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy; while, miPD-L1 expression had a favorable impact on the outcome.
Patients with plasma cell type idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (PC‐iMCD) often show elevated serum IgG4 levels and IgG4‐positive cell infiltration in tissues due to overproduction of ...interleukin‐6, and may meet the diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD). Although PC‐iMCD has been listed as a major exclusion disease for IgG4‐RD, distinguishing between these diseases is challenging due to a lack of highly specific diagnostic biomarkers. In 2020, we proposed exclusion criteria of IgG4‐RD mimickers. In this paper, we validated the accuracy of the criteria in excluding one of the mimickers, PC‐iMCD, from IgG4‐RD. Validation was performed on 57 PC‐iMCD patients (39 presenting lymph node lesions and 19 with lung lesions) and 29 IgG4‐RD patients (22 presenting lymph node lesions and seven with lung lesions). According to our results, 20.5% of the PC‐iMCD patients with lymph node lesions and 42.1% of those with lung lesions met the diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐RD. All these patients with PC‐iMCD were excluded from a diagnosis of IgG4‐RD by the proposed criteria. Additionally, 6.9% of IgG4‐RD patients met the exclusion criteria. Thus, if the exclusion criteria are met, diagnosis should be made based on a combination of findings including organ distribution of disease, response to steroid therapy, and other pathological findings.
Abstract
We report on terahertz (THz) emission from an InGaAs-based DC-current-driven dual-grating-gate high-electron-mobility transistor excited by photomixed dual continuous-wave-infrared ...(dual-CW-IR) laser irradiation. The difference frequency (
δf
) of the dual-CW-IR laser beams was set around the THz plasmon mode frequencies at different bias conditions. The radiation spectra from the device observed at 120 K showed distinctive emissions beyond the black-body radiation, which were promoted by
δf
-dependent coherent plasmons. The results suggest the occurrence of plasmonic boom instability stimulated by the DC current flow in the 2D channel under pertinent DC bias voltages.
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