Pure line breeding is a resource-intensive activity that takes 10 years or more to develop a new cultivar. In some crops, conducting off-season nurseries has significantly reduced the length of the ...breeding cycle. This approach could not be exploited in pigeonpea
Cajanus cajan
(L.) Millsp., because traditionally it has been a photoperiod-sensitive crop that requires long periods of darkness to induce flowering. However, the recent success of breeding early maturing photoperiod-insensitive genotypes has opened up the possibility of adopting ‘speed breeding’ techniques to enable rapid generation turnover. This paper outlines a speed breeding approach that integrates the use of immature seed germination for rapid generation advancement and a “single pod descent” method of breeding. To accelerate line development, while conserving genetic variability, the approach permits four generations per year and can fast-track field evaluation of resulting homozygous lines. Therefore, the breeding strategy conserves resources and has potential to deliver new early maturing cultivars within a substantially reduced timeframe of 4–5 years.
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•Production of bacterial cellulose at zero raw material cost utilizing distillery effluent.•Maximum bacterial cellulose was obtained in the crude distillery effluent with 0.85g of ...bacterial cellulose production in 100ml of the effluent.•The present study proved a concept that distillery effluent could be utilized for the production of bacterial cellulose.
In the present study, an attempt was made to utilize the distillery effluent for the production of bacterial cellulose by a novel bacterial species, Gluconacetobacter oboediens. Maximum bacterial cellulose production of 0.85g/100ml was achieved in crude distillery effluent. The production was successfully scaled up to 1.0L size producing 8.1g of bacterial cellulose. Morphological, structural and thermal characterization of purified bacterial cellulose by SEM, FT-IR and TGA analysis showed that it is pure cellulose having good properties. Henceforth, the present study proved a concept that distillery effluent could be utilized for the production of bacterial cellulose, a biopolymer of immense importance, which in turn may be used for producing different value added products.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an important food legume crop in the semi-arid regions of the world and the second most important pulse crop in India, has an average crop productivity of 780 kg/ha. The ...relatively low crop yields may be attributed to non-availability of improved cultivars, poor crop husbandry and exposure to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses in pigeonpea growing regions. Narrow genetic diversity in cultivated germplasm has further hampered the effective utilization of conventional breeding as well as development and utilization of genomic tools, resulting in pigeonpea being often referred to as an ‘orphan crop legume'. To enable genomics-assisted breeding in this crop, the pigeonpea genomics initiative (PGI) was initiated in late 2006 with funding from Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the umbrella of Indo-US agricultural knowledge initiative, which was further expanded with financial support from the US National Science Foundation's Plant Genome Research Program and the Generation Challenge Program. As a result of the PGI, the last 3 years have witnessed significant progress in development of both genetic as well as genomic resources in this crop through effective collaborations and coordination of genomics activities across several institutes and countries. For instance, 25 mapping populations segregating for a number of biotic and abiotic stresses have been developed or are under development. An 11X-genome coverage bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library comprising of 69,120 clones have been developed of which 50,000 clones were end sequenced to generate 87,590 BAC-end sequences (BESs). About 10,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from Sanger sequencing and ca. 2 million short ESTs by 454/FLX sequencing have been generated. A variety of molecular markers have been developed from BESs, microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR)-enriched libraries and mining of ESTs and genomic amplicon sequencing. Of about 21,000 SSRs identified, 6,698 SSRs are under analysis along with 670 orthologous genes using a GoldenGate SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotyping platform, with large scale SNP discovery using Solexa, a next generation sequencing technology, is in progress. Similarly a diversity array technology array comprising of ca. 15,000 features has been developed. In addition, >600 unique nucleotide binding site (NBS) domain containing members of the NBS-leucine rich repeat disease resistance homologs were cloned in pigeonpea; 960 BACs containing these sequences were identified by filter hybridization, BES physical maps developed using high information content fingerprinting. To enrich the genomic resources further, sequenced soybean genome is being analyzed to establish the anchor points between pigeonpea and soybean genomes. In addition, Solexa sequencing is being used to explore the feasibility of generating whole genome sequence. In summary, the collaborative efforts of several research groups under the umbrella of PGI are making significant progress in improving molecular tools in pigeonpea and should significantly benefit pigeonpea genetics and breeding. As these efforts come to fruition, and expanded (depending on funding), pigeonpea would move from an ‘orphan legume crop' to one where genomics-assisted breeding approaches for a sustainable crop improvement are routine.
1,3-Propanediol, a valuable bifunctional molecule, can be produced from renewable resources using microorganisms. It has several promising properties for many synthetic reactions, particularly for ...polymer and cosmetic industries. By virtue of being a natural product, relevant biochemical pathways can be harnessed into fermentation processes to produce 1,3-propanediol. Various strategies for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol are reviewed and compared in this article with their promises and constraints. Furthermore, genetic and metabolic engineering could significantly improve product yields and overcome the limitations of fermentation technology. Present review gives an overview on 1,3-propanediol production by wild and recombinant strains. It also attempts to encompass the various issues concerned in utilization of crude glycerol for 1,3-propanediol production, with particular emphasis laid on biodiesel industries. This review also summarizes the present state of strategies studied for the downstream processing and purification of biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. The future prospect of 1,3-propanediol and its potential as a major bulk chemical are discussed under the light of the current research.
Motivated essentially by the success of the applications of the Mittag-Leffler functions in many areas of science and engineering, the authors present, in a unified manner, a detailed account or ...rather a brief survey of the Mittag-Leffler function, generalized Mittag-Leffler functions, Mittag-Leffler type functions, and their interesting and useful properties. Applications of G. M. Mittag-Leffler functions in certain areas of physical and applied sciences are also demonstrated. During the last two decades this function has come into prominence after about nine decades of its discovery by a Swedish Mathematician Mittag-Leffler, due to the vast potential of its applications in solving the problems of physical, biological, engineering, and earth sciences, and so forth. In this survey paper, nearly all types of Mittag-Leffler type functions existing in the literature are presented. An attempt is made to present nearly an exhaustive list of references concerning the Mittag-Leffler functions to make the reader familiar with the present trend of research in Mittag-Leffler type functions and their applications.
With 1 figure and 4 tables With an objective to expand the repertoire of molecular markers in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), 36 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were isolated from a ...SSR-enriched genomic library. Primer pairs were designed for 23 SSR loci, of which 16 yielded amplicons of expected size. Thirteen SSR markers were polymorphic amongst 32 cultivated and eight wild pigeonpea genotypes representing six Cajanus species. These markers amplified a total of 72 alleles ranging from two to eight alleles with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content for these markers ranged from 0.05 to 0.55 with an average of 0.32 per marker. Phenetic analysis clearly distinguished all wild species genotypes from each other and from the cultivated pigeonpea genotypes. These markers should be useful for genome mapping, trait mapping, diversity studies and assessment of gene flow between populations in pigeonpea.
► 21.98g/L of xylose obtained with optimized conditions as 1:8 (w/v), 1% H2SO4 and 30min ► Adapted strain of C. tropicalis results 1.22-fold increase in yield and 1.70-fold enhanced productivity. ► ...Hydrolysate concentrated under vacuum using rotavapor is an efficient process. ► Immobilized cells of C. tropicalis resulted in 70% (approx.) efficiency up to third cycle. ► Xylitol production could be scaled up to 10L fermentor.
A maximum xylose extraction of 21.98g/L was obtained in hydrolysate with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:8 (w/v) at 1% H2SO4 and treated for 30min. The optimized and treated corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate medium supplemented with (g/L) yeast extract 5.0, KH2PO4 2.0, MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 and methanol 10mL whose pH was adjusted to 4.5 acts as production medium. Under this condition; the adapted strain of C. tropicalis resulted in 1.22-fold increase in xylitol yield and 1.70-fold enhancement in volumetric productivity was obtained as compared to parent strain of C. tropicalis. On concentrating the hydrolysate under vacuum using rotavapor proves to be efficient in terms of improved xylitol yield and productivity over microwave assisted concentration using adapted strain of C. tropicalis. The immobilized cells of C. tropicalis resulted in more than 70% efficiency up to third cycle. The xylitol production could be scaled up to 10L fermentor.
With 1 figure and 4 tables Male-sterility has been successfully used for enhancing yield in a number of cereal and vegetable crops. In food legumes, this technology could never be used either due to ...non-availability of natural out-crossing system, or an efficient male-sterility system or both. Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is a partially cross-pollinated food legume and recent success in breeding a stable male-sterility system has allowed breeders to exploit hybrid vigour for increasing yields. The cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility (CMS)-based hybrids have recorded 28.4% yield superiority over local checks in farmers' fields. This paper besides summarizing the reports of all the genetic and CMS systems, also discusses the prospects of utilizing these male-sterility systems in commercial hybrid breeding programmes.
Biodiesel is a renewable and environment friendly energy source, which is a potential alternative to petro-diesel. In the present study, mass production of microbial lipid by the yeast strain ...Rhodosporidium toruloides A29 was studied for biodiesel production. Realizing the importance of microbial lipids as a potential source for biodiesel, the strain was evaluated for higher biomass production using statistical modelling approach, which resulted in a lipid yield of 0.436g/g cell dry weight. This high lipid content was achieved using RSM optimized medium containing 2.5g/L of yeast extract, 2.75g/L of NaNO3, 0.5g/L of MgSO4 and 75g/L of glucose. The production of R. toruloides was successfully scaled up in a 30L bioreactor. In the reactor, lipid yield increased to 0.535g/g CDW leading to a 22-fold increase in oil content after scale up. Fatty acid characterization of the oil by GC revealed that R. toruloides A29 lipids consist of 34.59% saturated fatty acids, 46.49% monosaturated fatty acids and the rest polyunsaturated fatty acid. Transesterification of the extracted yeast oil revealed that the FAME (biodiesel) formed was similar in composition to the biodiesel produced from vegetable oil. The physico-chemical properties of the transesterified SCO were in range of the biodiesel standard specifications. Thus, this makes the microbial lipids obtained from R. toruloides A29 as potential alternative oil for sustainable production of biodiesel to meet the escalating energy demands.
The hybrid pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) breeding technology based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is currently unique among legumes and displays major potential for yield increase. CMS is defined as ...a condition in which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen grains. The novel chimeric open reading frames (ORFs) produced as a results of mitochondrial genome rearrangements are considered to be the main cause of CMS. To identify these CMS-related ORFs in pigeonpea, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of three C. cajan lines (the male-sterile line ICPA 2039, the maintainer line ICPB 2039, and the hybrid line ICPH 2433) and of the wild relative (Cajanus cajanifolius ICPW 29). A single, circular-mapping molecule of length 545.7 kb was assembled and annotated for the ICPA 2039 line. Sequence annotation predicted 51 genes, including 34 protein-coding and 17 RNA genes. Comparison of the mitochondrial genomes from different Cajanus genotypes identified 31 ORFs, which differ between lines within which CMS is present or absent. Among these chimeric ORFs, 13 were identified by comparison of the related male-sterile and maintainer lines. These ORFs display features that are known to trigger CMS in other plant species and to represent the most promising candidates for CMS-related mitochondrial rearrangements in pigeonpea.
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