BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that anxiety and depressive disorder onset may involve a prodromal buildup of symptoms. Also, stressful life events may precipitate gradual symptom increase, ...leading to the development of full-blown disorders. This study used prospective longitudinal data to examine the theory that, over time, stressful events, such as parent-adolescent disagreements, influence the longitudinal course of adolescents' internalizing symptoms, which in turn predict first onset of a depressive or anxiety disorder. METHODS A community sample of 303 families with an adolescent aged 12 or 13 years in year 1 provided repeated measures of parent-adolescent disagreements and adolescents' internalizing symptoms over 3 and 4 years, respectively. At age 19 or 20 years, the adolescents were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders using structured interviews based on DSM-III-R criteria. The hypothesized associations were estimated using latent growth curve modeling procedures. RESULTS Year 1 parent-adolescent disagreements predicted year 1 adolescents' internalizing symptoms, and changes in disagreements from year 1 to year 3 predicted changes in internalizing symptoms from year 1 to year 4. Both the year 1 level and changes in symptoms predicted internalizing disorder onset in years 4 through 7, and both the year 1 level and changes in disagreements indirectly predicted disorder onset. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents, persistent or escalating stressful events, such as disagreements with parents, indirectly increase the risk for internalizing disorder onset through their direct association with high or increasing symptom levels. Chronically high or increasing symptom levels directly increase risk for internalizing disorder.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:726-732-->
A study was carried out to assess the in vitro sensitivity of Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius to various classes of chemio-antibiotic molecules. The activities of two ...cephalosporins (cefuroxime and cefotaxime), which have never previously been used for periodontal therapy, were also evaluated. Results showed that the cephalosporins possessed an equal or greater inhibitory activity against the bacteria studied than traditional tetracyclines, and a greater inhibitory activity than other antibiotics studied (metronidazole, ampicillin, piperacillin). Further studies are required to assess in vivo efficacy of cephalosporin therapy in severe periodontal diseases.
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