Cytokine-mediated immunoresponses are consequences of isolated traumatic brain injury (TBI) and muskuloskeletal trauma but little is known when both impacts occur simulanteously in combined ...neurotrauma (CNT), i. e. TBI + muskuloskeletal trauma (bone fracture).
A "two-hit"-experimental model of CNT (TBI + tibia fracture) was used to investigate circulating cytokine interleukin-1-beta, -6, -10 and sTNF-R1 concentrations following peripheral bone fracture only, TBI only and CNT. Blood samples were drawn at 30 min, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days following trauma and circulating cytokine concentrations were determined via immunoassay.
Circulating cytokines were increased after trauma (p <0.001 vs. controls), but peaked at different time points. sTNF R1 peaked first at 30 min, followed by IL-6 at 6 h after trauma. IL-10 levels were highest at 24 h, and those for IL-1beta at 48 h after trauma. Circulating IL-6 and IL-10 levels were highest in CNT at 8/10 time points studied (p <0.001).
Circulating cytokine IL-1-beta, -6, -10 and sTNF-R1 concentrations are increased after trauma (TBI, fracture and CNT) but peak at different time points. Pronounced IL-6 and IL-10 responses after CNT may contribute to the increased susceptibility for complications in CNT versus monotrauma.
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) are photo-sensors consisting of an array of hundreds to thousands pixels with a typical pitch of 10-100 mum. They exhibit an excellent photon counting and time ...resolution. Therefore applications of SiPMs are emerging in many fields. In order to characterize SiPMs, the PRISMA Detector Lab at Mainz has established three automated test setups. Setup-A is dedicated to measure the gain, the dark count rate and the optical crosstalk probability. The temperature dependencies are characterized by operating the setup in a climate chamber. Setup-B is an optical system to measure the photon detection efficiency. Setup-C addresses the most challenging aspect of comparing SiPMs which is the uniformity of the active surface. Because of the small pixel size, a micro focus lens is attached to a picosecond laser diode to collimate the beam into the sub-structures of the sensors. A three-axis micro-positioning system moves the SiPMs into the focus of the laser spot and then automatically scans the active surfaces. In this paper we present the measurements of several SiPMs and compare their performance.
This paper presents the design of highly efficient high-speed induction motors with optimally exploited magnetic materials. First, new combined numerical-analytical design methods are presented and ...validated, which closely relate to the classical way of machine design but allow the designer to precisely account for material properties. Second, it is shown how two optimized 20-kW 30 000-r/min induction machines have been realized, i.e., one incorporating cobalt-iron alloy, and the other one using siliconized steel. Finally, the influence of the electrical steel grade on their performance is evaluated on the basis of electrical, thermal, vibrational, and noise measurements.
Microparticles were prepared by complex coacervation to encapsulate eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) for incorporation into foods as a nutrition supplement. Gelatin and acacia were used in ...the coacervation process. With an increasing oil/polymer ratio, both yield and encapsulation rate decreased; with an increasing homogenization time, the yield remained constant while the encapsulation rate slightly increased. Several particle hardening techniques were examined and their influence on particle structure, yield and encapsulation rate were examined. Ethanol hardening was compared to cross-linking with dehydroascrobic acid with respect to both yield and encapsulation rate. The particle diameters for both formulations were similar (ethanol: 38.4 +/- 4.1 microm; cross-linking: 41.8 +/- 3.0 microm). Spray-drying of the coacervates led to the smallest particles (5.2 +/- 1.1 microm), lowest yield and encapsulation rate. All microencapsulation products were assayed for their storage stability over 4 weeks with respect to the oxidation of the encapsulated omega - 3 unsaturated fatty acid ester inside the particles. Hardening with ethanol showed the lowest amount of peroxides: particle wall cross-linking by dehydroascorbic acid and spray-drying were observed to be less protective. All microparticles were characterized for their internal structure with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after fluorescence labelling of the polymers, in order to localize the oil phase and visualize the distribution of the polymers in the coacervates. With increasing homogenization time, the internal structure changed stepwise from a capsule structure (core/wall) towards a matrix structure. For all experiments, a homogeneous distribution for both polymers, gelatin and acacia was observed inside the particle wall. No influence of the different particle hardening procedures on the polymer distribution was found.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Translational Control in Spermatogenesis Schäfer, Mireille; Nayernia, Karim; Engel, Wolfgang ...
Developmental Biology,
12/1995, Letnik:
172, Številka:
2
Book Review, Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Translational silencing phenomena during spermatogenesis in the two model systemsDrosophilaand mouse are reviewed.Cis-acting sequences were identified in both species that are necessary for ...translational repression. While inDrosophilathese elements so far have only been found in the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR), in mammals such regions were identified both in the 5′ as well as in the 3′ UTR. In all cases, RNA-binding proteins interact with these regions, yet their specific role in the observed negative regulation of translation has to be established.
The sting mutation, caused by a P element inserted into polytene region 32D, was isolated by a screen for male sterile insertions in Drosophila melanogaster. This sterility is correlated with the ...presence of crystals in spermatocytes and spermatids that are structurally indistinguishable from those produced in males carrying a deficiency of the Y-linked crystal (cry) locus. In addition, their morphology is needle-like in Ste+ flies and star-shaped in Ste flies, once again as observed in cry- males. The sti mutation leads to meiotic drive of the sex chromosomes, and the strength of the phenomenon is correlated with the copy number of the repetitive Ste locus. The same correlation is also true for the penetrance of the male sterile mutation. A presumptive sti null allele results in male sterility and lethal maternal effect. The gene was cloned and shown to code for a putative protein that is 866 amino acids long. A C-terminal domain of 82 amino acids is identified that is well conserved in proteins from different organisms. The gene is expressed only in the germline of both sexes. The interaction of sting with the Ste locus can also be demonstrated at the molecular level. While an unprocessed 8-kb Ste primary transcript is expressed in wild-type males, in X/Y homozygous sti males, as in X/Y cry- males, a 0.7-kb mRNA is produced.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Adipositas bei Schwangeren stellt ein zunehmendes Problem dar, das mit z. T. gravierenden geburtshilflichen Problemen einhergeht. Betroffene Frauen mit Kinderwunsch ...sollten hierüber aufgeklärt werden, um sie zur Gewichtsabnahme vor der Schwangerschaft zu motivieren.
Risiken von Übergewicht bei Kinderwunsch
Sie nehmen mit dem BMI (Body-Mass-Index) der Frauen zu. Die Fertilität ist bei Adipositas reduziert. Bei adipösen Schwangeren ist das Risiko für einen Abort und kongenitale Fehlbildungen erhöht. Im Lauf der Schwangerschaft kommen Hypertonus, Gestationsdiabetes und hohe Frühgeburtenrate hinzu. Zudem steigt das Risiko, makrosome Kinder zu gebären. Häufig wird eine Entbindung per Sectio erforderlich.
Präventive Maßnahmen
Eine Gewichtsabnahme vor der Schwangerschaft ist wünschenswert. Vorbestehende Begleiterkrankungen müssen präkonzeptionell erfasst und behandelt werden. Schwangere nach bariatrischen Operationen haben einen signifikant günstigeren Schwangerschaftsverlauf als Frauen mit vergleichbarem BMI vor der Operation. Die Schwangerschaft muss jedoch engmaschig überwacht werden.
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