For the first time a heater-magnet module (HMM), simultaneously generating heat and a traveling magnetic field (TMF), was constructed for an industrial scale G5 multi-crystalline Si crystallizer and ...extensively tested. Effective melt mixing and precise control of the interface shape have been demonstrated using TMF, which resulted in ingots exhibiting superior properties, clearly proving the beneficial effects of the advanced convection control without affecting the stability of the Si3N4 crucible coating. Hence, most of the solidified Si volume showed very homogeneous IR transmission without inclusions. Dislocation densities were relatively low and bunching was only rarely observed, resulting in overall high carrier lifetimes. Therefore, our results demonstrate that a HMM configuration in an industrial Si crystallizer may successfully accomplish the following tasks: (i) good thermal stability and controllability of the melt-solid interface morphology, (ii) suppression of second phase inclusions, such as SiC and Si3N4, by mastering the mixing of the melt during the whole crystallization process, and (iii) no pronounced interaction between melt and container wall.
► A heater-magnet module was integrated into an industrial scale mc-Si crystallizer. ► Ingots of 640kg were crystallized with and without traveling magnetic fields. ► Good thermal stability of the melt-solid interface morphology has been achieved. ► Second phase inclusions, such as SiC and Si3N4, have been suppressed using the TMF. ► No pronounced interaction between melt and container wall was detectable.
Eutriconodonta are an important group of early crown mammals with a wide distribution in the Jurassic-Cretaceous of the Northern Hemisphere and few occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere. Three taxa ...of eutriconodontans are known from the Early Cretaceous high-latitude Teete vertebrate assemblage in Yakutia, Russia:
Sangarotherium aquilonium
(Eutriconodonta incertae sedis),
Gobiconodon
sp. A (large), and
Gobiconodon
sp. B (small) (Gobiconodontidae). These three taxa are based on four specimens and indicate a remarkable taxonomic diversity of eutriconodontans at this locality. The coexistence of two
Gobiconodon
species, large and small, is characteristic for several Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages in Asia.
Gobiconodon
sp. A from the Teete locality is the largest species of this genus known from Asia, but is smaller than the North American
G. ostromi
. The spreading of
Gobiconodon
from Asia to North America likely occurred during the Aptian-Albian faunal dispersal event. The discovery of
Gobiconodon
in the Teete locality is further evidence for a dispersal route via Beringia from Asia to North America which previously has been postulated based on the occurrence of Asian dinosaur taxa in western North America at this time. The questionable record of
Gobiconodon
from Europe and its lack from eastern North America make a dispersal from Asia to North America via Europe less probable.
The establishment and maintenance of suitable habitat on-farm or in the surrounding landscape can enhance the survival of beneficial parasitic Hymenoptera, thus improving the control of pest species. ...Both endemic and weedy non-crop plant species across a highly modified agricultural landscape supported species-rich and abundant parasitic wasp assemblages with diverse biology and host associations. It was also shown that isolated, recently planted, single-species stands of plants can rapidly accumulate diverse assemblages of parasitoids. Chalcidoidea was the most species-rich and abundant group, egg and larval parasitoids were the most speciose and abundant guilds, and parasitoids of herbivorous insects feeding on and inside plant tissue were the most species-rich and abundant functional groups. The hymenopteran assemblages associated with the majority of plant species were dominated by three parasitoid species: a Trichogrammatidae, a Scelionidae (Telenomus sp.) and a Eulophidae (Ceranisus sp.), all genera that contain many important biocontrol agents of pest Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera. Results show that both native and weedy plant species may potentially provide an important reservoir of mobile parasitic wasps of benefit to crop protection.
We report the first evidence of the potential of new amphiphilic ABA-triblock copolymers as gelling agents for lamellar liquid crystalline Lα phases. Recently, we described a new type of lamellar ...hydrogels which are not based on a polymer network swollen in water but are obtained by the addition of small amounts of a nonionic polymer surfactant to the fluid lamellar Lα phase of the dimyristoyl−phosphatidyl−choline(DMPC)/pentanol/water system. In contrast with these previously reported gelling agents which were all AB-diblock copolymers, the novel ABA-triblock copolymers consist of double chain hydrophobic moieties (A) attached to each end of a poly(ethylene glycol) chain (B). The synthesis of these new macromolecules and their gelation properties are described. The comparison of these novel lamellar hydrogels with those based on the AB-diblock copolymers provides direct evidence for the existence of cross-bridging conformations of the ABA-triblock copolymers between adjacent membranes.
Developing security-critical applications is very difficult and the past has shown that many applications turned out to be erroneous after years of usage. For this reason it is desirable to have a ...sound methodology for developing security-critical e-commerce applications. We present an approach to model these applications with the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 1 extended by a UML profile to tailor our models to security applications. Our intent is to (semi-) automatically generate a formal specification suitable for verification as well as an implementation from the model. Therefore we offer a development method seamlessly integrating semi-formal and formal methods as well as the implementation. This is a significant advantage compared to other approaches not dealing with all aspects from abstract models down to code. Based on this approach we can prove security properties on the abstract protocol level as well as the correctness of the protocol implementation in Java with respect to the formal model using the refinement approach. In this paper we concentrate on the modeling with UML and some details regarding the transformation of this model into the formal specification. We illustrate our approach on an electronic payment system called Mondex 10. Mondex has become famous for being the target of the first ITSEC evaluation of the highest level E6 which requires formal specification and verification.
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