SUMMARY
Wild relatives of tomato are a valuable source of natural variation in tomato breeding, as many can be hybridized to the cultivated species (Solanum lycopersicum). Several, including Solanum ...lycopersicoides, have been crossed to S. lycopersicum for the development of ordered introgression lines (ILs), facilitating breeding for desirable traits. Despite the utility of these wild relatives and their associated ILs, few finished genome sequences have been produced to aid genetic and genomic studies. Here we report a chromosome‐scale genome assembly for S. lycopersicoides LA2951, which contains 37 938 predicted protein‐coding genes. With the aid of this genome assembly, we have precisely delimited the boundaries of the S. lycopersicoides introgressions in a set of S. lycopersicum cv. VF36 × LA2951 ILs. We demonstrate the usefulness of the LA2951 genome by identifying several quantitative trait loci for phenolics and carotenoids, including underlying candidate genes, and by investigating the genome organization and immunity‐associated function of the clustered Pto gene family. In addition, syntenic analysis of R2R3MYB genes sheds light on the identity of the Aubergine locus underlying anthocyanin production. The genome sequence and IL map provide valuable resources for studying fruit nutrient/quality traits, pathogen resistance, and environmental stress tolerance. We present a new genome resource for the wild species S. lycopersicoides, which we use to shed light on the Aubergine locus responsible for anthocyanin production. We also provide IL boundary mappings, which facilitated identifying novel carotenoid quantitative trait loci of which one was likely driven by an uncharacterized lycopene β‐cyclase whose function we demonstrate.
Significance Statement
We present a new genome resource for the wild species Solanum lycopersicoides, which we use to shed light on the Aubergine locus responsible for anthocyanin production. We also provide introgression line boundary mappings, which facilitated identifying novel carotenoid quantitative trait loci of which one was likely driven by an uncharacterized lycopene β‐cyclase whose function we demonstrate.
ABSTRACT
We present updated cosmological constraints from measurements of the gas mass fractions (fgas) of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Our new data set has greater leverage on ...models of dark energy, thanks to the addition of the Perseus cluster at low redshifts, two new clusters at redshifts z ≳ 1, and significantly longer observations of four clusters at 0.6 < z < 0.9. Our low-redshift (z < 0.16) fgas data, combined with the cosmic baryon fraction measured from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), imply a Hubble constant of h = 0.722 ± 0.067. Combining the full fgas data set with priors on the cosmic baryon density and the Hubble constant, we constrain the dark energy density to be ΩΛ = 0.865 ± 0.119 in non-flat Lambda cold dark matter (cosmological constant) models, and its equation of state to be $w=-1.13_{-0.20}^{+0.17}$ in flat, constant-w models, respectively 41 per cent and 29 per cent tighter than our previous work, and comparable to the best constraints available from other probes. Combining fgas, CMB, supernova, and baryon acoustic oscillation data, we also constrain models with global curvature and evolving dark energy. For the massive, relaxed clusters employed here, we find the scaling of fgas with mass to be consistent with a constant, with an intrinsic scatter that corresponds to just ∼3 per cent in distance.
Recent studies have shown that the calcium channel blockers, when combined with standard anticancer drugs, help overcome resistance that often develops to those drugs. Little is known about the ...effects of the calcium channel blockers themselves on tumor cells. We have studied the effects of one calcium channel blocker, verapamil, on human tumor cell lines in vitro. Our results show a reversible, antiproliferative action of verapamil on human medulloblastoma, pinealoblastoma, glioma, and neuroblastoma tumor lines established from pediatric patients. Growth rates are inhibited 10 to 100% by 10 to 100 microM verapamil with 50% inhibition occurring between 25 and 50 microM verapamil. No cell line proliferates in 100 microM verapamil, yet washing the cells after 72 h of incubation with 100 microM verapamil results in resumed cell growth. Growth inhibition is accompanied by dose-dependent decreases in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis which occur within minutes after addition of verapamil. DNA flow cytometry on propidium iodide-stained nuclei shows that, after incubation for 48 h with 100 microM verapamil, the medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma tumor lines as well as normal, human foreskin and lung fibroblast cell lines are reversibly blocked throughout the cell cycle with slight increases in G1. Verapamil appears to have no effect on nucleic acid precursors or on calcium influx or efflux in human medulloblastoma cells.
Oxidative stress is considered to be an important component of various diseases. A vast number of methods have been developed and used in virtually all diseases to measure the extent and nature of ...oxidative stress, ranging from oxidation of DNA to proteins, lipids, and free amino acids.
An increased understanding of the biology behind diseases and redox biology has led to more specific and sensitive tools to measure oxidative stress markers, which are very diverse and sometimes very low in abundance.
The literature is very heterogeneous. It is often difficult to draw general conclusions on the significance of oxidative stress biomarkers, as only in a limited proportion of diseases have a range of different biomarkers been used, and different biomarkers have been used to study different diseases. In addition, biomarkers are often measured using nonspecific methods, while specific methodologies are often too sophisticated or laborious for routine clinical use.
Several markers of oxidative stress still represent a viable biomarker opportunity for clinical use. However, positive findings with currently used biomarkers still need to be validated in larger sample sizes and compared with current clinical standards to establish them as clinical diagnostics. It is important to realize that oxidative stress is a nuanced phenomenon that is difficult to characterize, and one biomarker is not necessarily better than others. The vast diversity in oxidative stress between diseases and conditions has to be taken into account when selecting the most appropriate biomarker.
The neuronal cytoskeleton is one of the most profoundly altered organelles in late life neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by progressive impairments in cognitive abilities. The ...elucidation of the protein building blocks of these organelles as well as advances in understanding how these proteins become altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other less common dementing illnesses, i.e., diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) or the Lewy body variant of AD (LBVAD), will provide insights into the molecular basis of these disorders. Within, we review evidence that normal adult human tau is abnormally phosphorylated and converted into the subunits of AD paired helical filaments (PHFs), and that Lewy bodies (LBs) represent accumulation of altered neurofilament (NF) triplet subunits. Although the precise biological consequences of PHF and LB formation in neurons is unknown, growing evidence suggests that the formation of PHFs and LBs from normal neuronal cytoskeletal proteins could have deleterious effects on neuronal function and survival. Finally, insights into the composition of PHFs and LBs could lead to the development of novel strategies for the timely and accurate diagnosis of AD, DLBD and the LBVAD.
We present the analysis of the binary gravitational microlensing event MOA-2015-BLG-020. The event has a fairly long timescale (about 63 days) and thus the light curve deviates significantly from the ...lensing model that is based on the rectilinear lens-source relative motion. This enables us to measure the microlensing parallax through the annual parallax effect. The microlensing parallax parameters constrained by the ground-based data are confirmed by the Spitzer observations through the satellite parallax method. By additionally measuring the angular Einstein radius from the analysis of the resolved caustic crossing, the physical parameters of the lens are determined. It is found that the binary lens is composed of two dwarf stars with masses \(M_1 = 0.606 \pm 0.028M_\odot\) and \(M_2 = 0.125 \pm 0.006M_\odot\) in the Galactic disk. Assuming the source star is at the same distance as the bulge red clump stars, we find the lens is at a distance \(D_L = 2.44 \pm 0.10 kpc\). In the end, we provide a summary and short discussion of all published microlensing events in which the annual parallax effect is confirmed by other independent observations.
The SuperCDMS Collaboration is currently building SuperCDMS SNOLAB, a dark matter search focused on nucleon-coupled dark matter in the 1-5 GeV/c\(^2\) mass range. Looking to the future, the ...Collaboration has developed a set of experience-based upgrade scenarios, as well as novel directions, to extend the search for dark matter using the SuperCDMS technology in the SNOLAB facility. The experienced-based scenarios are forecasted to probe many square decades of unexplored dark matter parameter space below 5 GeV/c\(^2\), covering over 6 decades in mass: 1-100 eV/c\(^2\) for dark photons and axion-like particles, 1-100 MeV/c\(^2\) for dark-photon-coupled light dark matter, and 0.05-5 GeV/c\(^2\) for nucleon-coupled dark matter. They will reach the neutrino fog in the 0.5-5 GeV/c\(^2\) mass range and test a variety of benchmark models and sharp targets. The novel directions involve greater departures from current SuperCDMS technology but promise even greater reach in the long run, and their development must begin now for them to be available in a timely fashion. The experienced-based upgrade scenarios rely mainly on dramatic improvements in detector performance based on demonstrated scaling laws and reasonable extrapolations of current performance. Importantly, these improvements in detector performance obviate significant reductions in background levels beyond current expectations for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment. Given that the dominant limiting backgrounds for SuperCDMS SNOLAB are cosmogenically created radioisotopes in the detectors, likely amenable only to isotopic purification and an underground detector life-cycle from before crystal growth to detector testing, the potential cost and time savings are enormous and the necessary improvements much easier to prototype.
This is the first in a series of papers studying the astrophysics and cosmology of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Here we present a new, automated method for identifying relaxed ...clusters based on their morphologies in X-ray imaging data. While broadly similar to others in the literature, the morphological quantities that we measure are specifically designed to provide a fair basis for comparison across a range of data quality and cluster redshifts, to be robust against missing data due to point source masks and gaps between detectors, and to avoid strong assumptions about the cosmological background and cluster masses. Based on three morphological indicators – symmetry, peakiness, and alignment – we develop the symmetry–peakiness–alignment (SPA) criterion for relaxation. This analysis was applied to a large sample of cluster observations from the Chandra and ROSAT archives. Of the 361 clusters which received the SPA treatment, 57 (16 per cent) were subsequently found to be relaxed according to our criterion. We compare our measurements to similar estimators in the literature, as well as projected ellipticity and other image measures, and comment on trends in the relaxed cluster fraction with redshift, temperature, and survey selection method. Code implementing our morphological analysis will be made available on the web (http://www.slac.stanford.edu/amantz/work/morph14/).
Oxidatively modified LDL (LDLox) reduces the response of soluble guanylyl cyclase to nitrovasodilators. We now demonstrate that this desensitization can be antagonized by HDL. Similar to its ...protective effect against LDLox, HDL also inhibited the lysolecithin-induced desensitization of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Since the lysolecithin content of LDLox correlated with the amount of lysolecithin necessary to diminish stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, our data support the hypothesis that lysolecithin may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of LDLox on smooth muscle relaxation and provide evidence that the antagonistic effect of HDL against desensitization of soluble guanylyl cyclase by atherogenic compounds could be responsible for the protective role of HDL in atherosclerosis.
The increasing demand for saffron metabolites in various commercial industries, including medicine, food, cosmetics, and dyeing, is driven by the discovery of their diverse applications. Saffron, ...derived from Crocus sativus stigmas, is the most expensive spice, and there is a need to explore additional sources to meet global consumption demands. In this study, we focused on yellow-flowering crocuses and examined their tepals to identify saffron-like compounds.
Through metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches, our investigation provides valuable insights into the biosynthesis of compounds in yellow-tepal crocuses that are similar to those found in saffron. The results of our study support the potential use of yellow-tepal crocuses as a source of various crocins (crocetin glycosylated derivatives) and flavonoids.
Our findings suggest that yellow-tepal crocuses have the potential to serve as a viable excessive source of some saffron metabolites. The identification of crocins and flavonoids in these crocuses highlights their suitability for meeting the demands of various industries that utilize saffron compounds. Further exploration and utilization of yellow-tepal crocuses could contribute to addressing the growing global demand for saffron-related products.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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