New rotational line strengths for the C2 Swan system (dΠg3–aΠu3) have been calculated for vibrational bands with v′=0–10 and v″=0–9, and J values up to J=34–96, using previous observations in 33 ...vibrational bands. Line positions from several sources were combined with the results from recent deperturbation studies of the v′=4 and v′=6 levels, and a weighted global least squares fit was performed. The updated molecular constants are reported. The line strengths are based on a recent ab initio calculation of the transition dipole moment function. A line list has been made available, including observed and calculated line positions, Einstein A coefficients and oscillator strengths (f-values). The line list will be useful for astronomers, combustion scientists and materials scientists who utilize C2 Swan spectra. Einstein A coefficients and f-values were also calculated for the vibrational bands of the Swan system.
► Line positions from several previous studies of the C2 Swan system are combined. ► Molecular constants have been recalculated including v′=4 and v′=6 perturbations. ► Rotational line intensities are calculated as Einstein A and f-values. ► Vibrational band Einstein Av′v″ and fv′v″ values are calculated. ► We give a line list up to v′=10, v″=9 with intensities for obs. and calc. lines.
Resilienz gegen IT-Angriffe an Kliniken Pfenninger, E. G.; Schmidt, S. A.; Rohland, C. ...
Die Anaesthesiologie,
12/2023, Letnik:
72, Številka:
12
Journal Article
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Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Gesundheitssysteme, und somit auch Krankenhäuser, gehören per definitionem zur Kritischen Infrastruktur eines Landes. Vermehrt sind in den vergangenen Jahren Kliniken Ziel ...von Hackerangriffen mit der Folge einer wochen- bis sogar monatelangen Beeinträchtigung ihrer Handlungsfähigkeit geworden. Gemäß der „Nationalen Strategie zum Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen (KRITIS-Strategie)“ sind Kliniken gesetzlich verpflichtet, dagegen Vorsorge zu treffen.
Fragestellung
Die vorgelegte Studie beschreibt die Planung, Durchführung und Ergebnisse einer Stabsrahmenübung an einem Großklinikum, die den Zeitraum der ersten 3 Tage bei einem hackerbedingten kompletten IT-Ausfall simulierte.
Material und Methoden
In einer 8‑monatigen Evaluationsphase wurden alle IT-abhängigen Prozesse im Klinikum untersucht sowie, wenn notwendig, papierbasierte Rückfalllösungen generiert und bereichsspezifische Notfallpläne fixiert. So genannte Dienstleister, wie Apotheke, Klinische Chemie, Radiologie und Rechenzentrum, beübten einen 72-stündigen IT-Ausfall; die Klinikeinsatzleitung (KEL) steuerte im selben Zeitraum in einer Stabsübung den Ablauf. Die Teilnehmer bewerteten die Übung nach ihrem Abschluss mithilfe eines Fragebogens. Daraus sowie anhand der Vor- und Nachbereitung wurden eine Resilienzmatrix entwickelt sowie ein kurz-, mittel- und langfristiger Handlungsbedarf definiert.
Ergebnisse
Die Teilnehmer bewerteten die Übung mit 85 % als sinnvoll, hatten in 97 % der Fälle zur Durchführung eine ausreichende Unterstützung und in 75 % der Fälle genügend Informationen erhalten. Dagegen fühlten sie sich persönlich und die Klinik insgesamt nur in 34 % der Fälle genügend auf einen IT-Komplettausfall vorbereitet. Die IT-ausfallsbezogenen bereichsspezifischen Notfallpläne waren vor der Übung am Klinikum in 1,7 % der Einheiten vorhanden, zur und nach der Übung in 86,7 %. Die höchste Resilienz gegenüber einem IT-Komplettausfall zeigten Einheiten, die noch auf Papierbasis arbeiteten, die geringste naturgemäß das Rechenzentrum mit komplettem Stillstand.
Schlussfolgerung
Die Evaluationsphase mit der Generierung von entsprechenden Rückfallebenen ist die wichtigste Komponente in der Stärkung der Resilienz gegenüber einem Hackerangriff auf die Klinik-IT. Diese sogfältige Vorbereitung vermag die fatalen Auswirkungen auf Patienten, Personal und die gesamte Klinik zu minimieren.
Use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of skin cancer Schmidt, S.A.J.; Schmidt, M.; Mehnert, F. ...
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology,
August 2015, Letnik:
29, Številka:
8
Journal Article
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Background
Several antihypertensive drugs are photosensitizing and may therefore act as cocarcinogens with ultraviolet radiation.
Objective
To examine whether antihypertensive drug use is associated ...with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and malignant melanoma (MM).
Methods
We used population‐based databases to conduct a case–control study including all first‐time cases of SCC (n = 2282), BCC (n = 17 242), and MM (n = 3660) in northern Denmark, 1991–2010. We matched approximately 10 controls (n = 231 743) to each case by age, sex and county using risk‐set sampling. We used conditional logistic regression to compute odds ratios (ORs) for skin cancer with 95% confidence intervals comparing ever users of antihypertensives (>2 previous prescriptions) with non‐users (≤2 previous prescriptions). We adjusted for comorbidity and comedications. We further analysed use by duration (short term: <5 years; long term: ≥5 years) and intensity (low intensity or high intensity: <50% or ≥50% prescription coverage during total duration of use, respectively).
Results
Ever users of diuretics were at increased risk of SCC (OR 1.19; 1.06–1.33), driven by potassium‐sparing agents alone (OR 1.40; 1.09–1.80) or with low‐ceiling diuretics (OR 2.68; 2.24–3.21) and by long‐term use (OR 1.41; 1.16–1.72 at low intensity; OR 1.44; 0.98–2.14 at high intensity). Ever users of sulphonamides (OR 1.49; 1.04–2.12) and non‐aldosterone antagonist potassium‐sparing agents (OR 2.26; 0.85–6.01) were at increased MM risk. The latter was also associated with BCC (OR 1.47; 1.00–2.17), as was low‐ceiling diuretics combined with potassium‐sparing agents (OR 1.23; 1.12–1.35). Long‐term, low‐intensity (OR 1.53; 1.05–2.23) and high‐intensity (OR 1.44; 0.56–3.69) angiotensin receptor blocker use was associated with MM. Estimates for angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, β‐blockers, and calcium channel blockers were inconsistent or weak (<20% increased).
Conclusion
Long‐term angiotensin receptor blocker use was associated with risk of MM. Moreover, long‐term diuretic use was associated with SCC risk, driven by potassium‐sparing agents alone or in combination with low‐ceiling diuretics.
The element abundance ratios of four low-mass stars with extremely low metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium) indicate that the gas out of which the stars formed was enriched in ...each case by at most a few--and potentially only one--low-energy supernova. Such supernovae yield large quantities of light elements such as carbon but very little iron. The dominance of low-energy supernovae seems surprising, because it had been expected that the first stars were extremely massive, and that they disintegrated in pair-instability explosions that would rapidly enrich galaxies in iron. What has remained unclear is the yield of iron from the first supernovae, because hitherto no star has been unambiguously interpreted as encapsulating the yield of a single supernova. Here we report the optical spectrum of SMSS J031300.36-670839.3, which shows no evidence of iron (with an upper limit of 10(-7.1) times solar abundance). Based on a comparison of its abundance pattern with those of models, we conclude that the star was seeded with material from a single supernova with an original mass about 60 times that of the Sun (and that the supernova left behind a black hole). Taken together with the four previously mentioned low-metallicity stars, we conclude that low-energy supernovae were common in the early Universe, and that such supernovae yielded light-element enrichment with insignificant iron. Reduced stellar feedback both chemically and mechanically from low-energy supernovae would have enabled first-generation stars to form over an extended period. We speculate that such stars may perhaps have had an important role in the epoch of cosmic reionization and the chemical evolution of early galaxies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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