In advancing the understanding of natural decision-making processes, inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) methods have proven instrumental in reconstructing animal's intentions underlying complex ...behaviors. Given the recent development of a continuous-time multi-intention IRL framework, there has been persistent inquiry into inferring discrete time-varying rewards with IRL. To address this challenge, we introduce the class of hierarchical inverse Q-learning (HIQL) algorithms. Through an unsupervised learning process, HIQL divides expert trajectories into multiple intention segments, and solves the IRL problem independently for each. Applying HIQL to simulated experiments and several real animal behavior datasets, our approach outperforms current benchmarks in behavior prediction and produces interpretable reward functions. Our results suggest that the intention transition dynamics underlying complex decision-making behavior is better modeled by a step function instead of a smoothly varying function. This advancement holds promise for neuroscience and cognitive science, contributing to a deeper understanding of decision-making and uncovering underlying brain mechanisms.
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Batteries are one of the key technologies in the field of energy storage and conversion. Among the broad range of available cathode active materials, elemental sulfur has the highest theoretical ...specific capacity (1675 mAh/g) and thus holds great promise as positive electrode material in rechargeable Li-batteries.
1
There are, nevertheless, major safety and performance issues that need to be addressed before commercialization of Li/S batteries can be contemplated. Recently, significant progress has been made by incorporating sulfur into nano-structured carbons. Such carbon/sulfur composites seem to be capable of providing a stable cathode performance by somewhat hindering the lithium polysulfides from leaving the architecture (through specific chemical and/or physical interactions).
2
Furthermore, nanostructured carbons have been shown to have the potential to preserve the electrode integrity by better accomodating the volume changes of sulfur during conversion to lithium sulfide. Here, we report on the use of hierarchically structured N-doped carbon/sulfur composites for long-life and high-performance Li/S batteries.
3
Highly conductive carbon with tailored porosity was fabricated by silica templating followed by sulfur melt infiltration to produce carbon/sulfur nanocomposites. Cathodes with a sulfur content of 60% and sulfur loadings ranging from 1 to 4 mg/cm
2
were tested electrochemically both in coin and pouch cells. At a moderate C-rate of C/5, stable specific capacities of approx. 700 mAh/g can be achieved over hundreds of cycles; and cathodes with a sulfur loading of 4 mg/cm
2
demonstrate areal capacities approaching 3.0 mAh/cm
2
. Literature reports on sulfur cathodes providing similar areal capacities are scarce, especially when the electrolyte-to-sulfur mass ratio is <15:1.
4
Overall, we show that our ionic liquid-derived carbon/sulfur composite possesses a beneficial microstructure for Li/S battery applications.
1 Manthiram, A.
Acc. Chem. Res.
2013
,
46
, 1125–1134.
2 Ji, X.; Lee, K.T.; Nazar, L.
Nature Materials
2009
, 8, 500-506
3 Schneider, A.; Weidmann, C.; Suchomski, C.; Sommer, H.; Janek, J.; Brezesinksi T.
Chem.
Mater.
2015
,
DOI:
10.1021/cm504460p.
4 Song, J.; Wang, D.
Adv. Funct. Mater.
2013
,
24
, 1243–1250.
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