A methodology in assembly/packaging technology of semiconductor integrated circuits (IC's) is described Which serves a threefold purpose: it aims at characterizing and selecting electronic ...assembly/Packaging materials; it directs optimization and control of assembly/packaging processes; and it identifies failure mechanisms which determine product reliability. Case example applications of the methodology are reported including application to package molding compound characterization arid chip mount material selection. Conclusions are given in which a broadening of the methodology tO identify early warning indicators for prediction of later reliability failures is discussed.
Resorcinol/formaldehyde (R/F) low-density foam making processes have been adapted to microencapsulation techniques. This has been done in an effort to make low density, low Z, transparent foam shells ...for use as cryogenic ICF targets. It was necessary to modify the normal R/F formulation and processing to accelerate the gelation time from tens of hours to less than one hour. Proper selection of the inner and outer oil phase solvents was critical for density matching and prevention of the dehydration of the gelling preform, respectively.
Progress on Z-pinch Inertial Fusion Energy Olson, C. L.; Rochau, G.; Slutz, S. ...
2004 International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS 2004),
2004-July
Conference Proceeding
The long-range goal of the Z-pinch IFE program is to produce an economically-attractive power plant using high-yield Z-pinch-driven targets (~3 GJ) with low rep-rate per chamber (~0.1 Hz). He present ...mainline choice for a Z-pinch IFE power plant uses an LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) repetitive pulsed power driver, a Recyclable Transmission Line (RTL), a dynamic hohlraum Z-pinch-driven target, and a thick-liquid wall chamber. The RTL connects the pulsed power driver directly to the Z-pinch-driven target, and is made from frozen coolant or a material that is easily separable from the coolant (such as low activation ferritic steel). The RTL is destroyed by the fusion explosion, but the RTL materials are recycled, and a new RTL is inserted on each shot. The RTL concept eliminates the problems of a final optic, high-speed target injection, and pointing and tracking N beams (N~100). Instead, the RTL concept must be shown to be feasible and economically attractive. Results of Z-pinch IFE studies over the last three years are discussed, including RTL experiments at the 10 MA level on Saturn, RTL structural studies, RTL manufacturing/cost studies, RTL activation analysis, power plant studies, high-yield IFE target studies, etc. Recent funding by a U.S. Congressional initiative of 4M for FY04 is supporting research on (1) RTLs, (2) repetitive pulsed power drivers, (3) shock mitigation because of the high yield targets, (4) planning for a proof-of-principle full RTL cycle demonstration with a 1 MA, 1 MV, 100 ns, 0.1 Hz driver, (5) IFE target studies for multi-GJ yield targets, and (6) Z-pinch IFE power plant engineering and technology development.
Polymer shells up to 2 mm in diameter were prepared using an interfacial polycondensation / cross-linking reaction occurring at the surface of an oil drop. The oil phase is comprised of a solution ...(20 wt% or less) of isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC) dissolved in an organic solvent. An interfacial reaction is initiated when the IPC-loaded oil drop is submerged in an aqueous solution of poly(p-vinylphenol) (PVP), a poly(electrolyte) at elevated pH. Composition, structure, and surface finish for fully-formed dry shells were assessed using a number of techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography (GC) - mass spectroscopy (MS), microhardness measurements, gas permeability, and solvent permeability measurements. From deposition rate data, a reaction mechanism and key reaction parameters were identified.
The deposition rate of shell membrane material was found to be a diffusion limited reaction of IPC through the forming membrane to the exterior shell interface (which is believed to be the reaction front). The final thickness of the film deposited at the interface and the rate of deposition were found to be strong functions of the IPC concentration and oil phase solvent. Films made with diethyl phthalate (DEP) were thinner and harder than films made using 1,6-dichlorohexane (DCH) as a solvent. Differences in solubility of the forming membrane in DCH and DEP appear to be able to account for the differences in deposition rate and the hardness (related to cross-linking density). The deposition can be thought of as a phase separation which is affected by both the poly(electrolyte) / ionomer transition and the amount of cross-linking. Finally, it was found that the choice of oil phase solvent profoundly affects the evolution of the outer surface roughness.
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