From January 21 through February 23, 2020, a total of 14 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were diagnosed in six U.S. states, including 12 cases in travelers arriving from China and two in ...household contacts of persons with confirmed infections. An additional 39 cases were identified in persons repatriated from affected areas outside the United States (1). Starting in late February, reports of cases with no recent travel to affected areas or links to known cases signaled the initiation of pandemic spread in the United States (2). By mid-March, transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, had accelerated, with rapidly increasing case counts indicating established transmission in the United States. Ongoing traveler importation of SARS-CoV-2, attendance at professional and social events, introduction into facilities or settings prone to amplification, and challenges in virus detection all contributed to rapid acceleration of transmission during March. Public health responses included intensive efforts to detect cases and trace contacts, and implementation of multiple community mitigation strategies. Because most of the population remains susceptible to infection, recognition of factors associated with amplified spread during the early acceleration period will help inform future decisions as locations in the United States scale back some components of mitigation and strengthen systems to detect a potential transmission resurgence. U.S. circulation of SARS-CoV-2 continues, and sustained efforts will be needed to prevent future spread within the United States.
COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic Bedford, Juliet; Enria, Delia; Giesecke, Johan ...
The Lancet (British edition),
03/2020, Letnik:
395, Številka:
10229
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Most national response strategies include varying levels of contact tracing and self-isolation or quarantine; promotion of public health measures, including handwashing, respiratory etiquette, and ...social distancing; preparation of health systems for a surge of severely ill patients who require isolation, oxygen, and mechanical ventilation; strengthening health facility infection prevention and control, with special attention to nursing home facilities; and postponement or cancellation of large-scale public gatherings. ...all countries should consider a combination of response measures: case and contact finding; containment or other measures that aim to delay the onset of patient surges where feasible; and measures such as public awareness, promotion of personal protective hygiene, preparation of health systems for a surge of severely ill patients, stronger infection prevention and control in health facilities, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities, and postponement or cancellation of large-scale public gatherings. ...countries with no or a few first cases of COVID-19 should consider active surveillance for timely case finding; isolate, test, and trace every contact in containment; practise social distancing; and ready their health-care systems and populations for spread of infection.
The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis is evolving. In this report, over 3000 cases from selected areas of the United States are described; from 1998 to 2007, the incidence of bacterial meningitis ...decreased by 31%, but the disease still often results in death.
Studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed that five pathogens (
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis,
group B streptococcus GBS, and
Listeria monocytogenes
) caused more than 80% of cases of bacterial meningitis.
1
–
4
Between 1986 and 1995, the incidence of bacterial meningitis from these five pathogens declined by 55%, largely owing to the use of the
H. influenzae
type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine for infants, which was introduced in the United States in 1990.
5
Since then, additional interventions to prevent invasive disease from these pathogens have been introduced
6
–
8
(see also Table 1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with . . .
The author reflects on her personal experiences during the 2009 H1N1 influenza, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemics. The roles played by ...the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention related to pregnancy-associated influenza during the 2009 pandemic are described. Risk communication principles are summarized and resources provided.
Invasive group B streptococcal disease is a leading cause of illness in the first week of life. Universal culture-based screening in the third trimester of pregnancy was recommended in the United ...States in 2002. This study shows that this policy has been associated with a decrease in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease. Populations that may benefit from additional preventive measures are identified.
Universal culture-based screening in the third trimester of pregnancy was recommended in the United States in 2002. This study shows that this policy has been associated with a decrease in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease.
Invasive group B streptococcal disease emerged in the 1970s as a leading infectious cause of illness and death in the first week of life.
1
Clinical trials in the 1980s showed that early-onset group B streptococcal disease (i.e., occurring in infants <7 days of age) may be prevented by administering antibiotic prophylaxis during labor and delivery to mothers who are colonized with group B streptococcus.
2
During the 1990s, candidates for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis were identified according to either a screening-based or a risk-based strategy
3
–
5
; this approach led to a 65% decrease in the incidence of early-onset group B streptococcal disease, . . .
In 2000, a protein–polysaccharide pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was recommended for use in infants and young children. Surveillance data show that from 1998 to 2001 the rate of invasive disease ...declined by 69 percent among children less than two years of age. There were also smaller but significant reductions in pneumococcal disease in adults.
Pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis are less frequent in infants and young children.
In early 2000, a 7-valent protein–polysaccharide pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines) was licensed for use in infants and young children in the United States. This was the first vaccine that promised efficacy against pneumococcal disease for this high-risk group. In the second half of 2000, recommendations for routine use of the vaccine in all infants and children under two years of age and in high-risk children two through four years of age were published,
1
,
2
and distribution of the vaccine through public programs began. By August 2001, a shortage was reported.
3
Controlled clinical trials have shown that the . . .
HPV “Coverage” Schuchat, Anne
The New England journal of medicine,
02/2015, Letnik:
372, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This issue of the
Journal
presents a milestone in expanding the coverage of cancers associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Joura and colleagues
1
report the results of a randomized, ...controlled trial of a new 9-valent HPV vaccine versus a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in more than 14,000 young women. The authors found that the new vaccine had an efficacy of nearly 97% against high-grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal disease related to HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the 9-valent vaccine was not found to be more beneficial than the quadrivalent vaccine, presumably because so many . . .
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