Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs) are the most commonly used sensors in traffic management systems. This paper shows that some spectral features extracted from the Fourier Transform (FT) of inductive ...signatures do not depend on the vehicle speed. Such a property is used to propose a novel method for vehicle classification based on only one signature acquired from a sensor single-loop, in contrast to standard methods using two sensor loops. Our proposal will be evaluated by means of real inductive signatures captured with our hardware prototype.
Outdoor microalgae cultivation systems treating anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) effluents usually present ammonium oxidising bacteria (AOB) competition with microalgae for ammonium uptake, ...which can cause nitrite accumulation. In literature, nitrite effects over microalgae have shown controversial results. The present study evaluates the nitrite inhibition role in a microalgae-nitrifying bacteria culture.
For this purpose, pilot- and lab-scale assays were carried out. During the continuous outdoor operation of the membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) plant, biomass retention time (BRT) of 2 d favoured AOB activity, which caused nitrite accumulation. This nitrite was confirmed to inhibit microalgae performance. Specifically, continuous 5-d lab-scale assays showed a reduction in the nitrogen recovery efficiency by 32, 42 and 80% when nitrite concentration in the culture accounted for 5, 10 and 20 mg N·L−1, respectively. On the contrary, short 30-min exposure to nitrite showed no significant differences in the photosynthetic activity of microalgae under nitrite concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg N·L−1.
On the other hand, when the MPBR plant was operated at 2.5-d BRT, the nitrite concentration was reduced to negligible values due to increasing activity of microalgae and nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB). This allowed obtaining maximum MPBR performance; i.e. nitrogen recovery rate (NRR) and biomass productivity of 19.7 ± 3.3 mg N·L−1·d−1 and 139 ± 35 mg VSS·L−1·d−1, respectively; while nitrification rate (NOxR) reached the lowest value (13.5 ± 3.4 mg N·L−1·d−1).
Long BRT of 4.5 d favoured NOB growth, avoiding nitrite inhibition. However, it implied a decrease in microalgae growth and the accumulation of nitrate in the MPBR effluent. Hence, it seems that optimum BRT has to be within the range 2–4.5 d in order to favour microalgae growth with respect to AOB and NOB.
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•Nitrite concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg N·L−1 showed microalgae inhibition.•BRT played a key role in the nitrite accumulation in the MPBR plant.•Nitrite concentration reached values over 10 mg N·L−1 at 2-d BRT.•2.5-d BRT reduced nitrite due to increasing microalgae and NOB activity.•4.5-d BRT did not accumulate nitrite but increased nitrate concentration.
Herein, we focus on convergent 6G communication, localization and sensing systems by identifying key technology enablers, discussing their underlying challenges, implementation issues, and ...recommending potential solutions. Moreover, we discuss exciting new opportunities for integrated localization and sensing applications, which will disrupt traditional design principles and revolutionize the way we live, interact with our environment, and do business. Regarding potential enabling technologies, 6G will continue to develop towards even higher frequency ranges, wider bandwidths, and massive antenna arrays. In turn, this will enable sensing solutions with very fine range, Doppler, and angular resolutions, as well as localization to cm-level degree of accuracy. Besides, new materials, device types, and reconfigurable surfaces will allow network operators to reshape and control the electromagnetic response of the environment. At the same time, machine learning and artificial intelligence will leverage the unprecedented availability of data and computing resources to tackle the biggest and hardest problems in wireless communication systems. As a result, 6G will be truly intelligent wireless systems that will provide not only ubiquitous communication but also empower high accuracy localization and high-resolution sensing services. They will become the catalyst for this revolution by bringing about a unique new set of features and service capabilities, where localization and sensing will coexist with communication, continuously sharing the available resources in time, frequency, and space. This work concludes by highlighting foundational research challenges, as well as implications and opportunities related to privacy, security, and trust.
Durante la campaña de cultivo de la judía del 2002 se estudió semanalmente la actividad de vuelo de los áfidos que afectan a este cultivo en cuatro fincas de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 1753) ...situadas en distintas zonas productoras de Asturias. Los áfidos alados fueron capturados mediante trampas de Moericke. Con los datos de captura se elaboraron las curvas de vuelo en las que se muestra que, de las especies consideradas plaga de la judía, la más abundante fue Aphis (A.) fabae Scopoli, 1763, seguida de Aphis (A.) craccivora Koch, 1854 y Aphis (A.) gossypii Glover, 1877. A partir de los datos meteorológicos de precipitación y temperatura, se establecieron las relaciones entre las capturas de áfidos alados y las condiciones ambientales.
The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic otitis media. Ciprofloxacin was randomly administered for ten days to ...two groups of patients. Group A was given 500 mg. orally twice a day. Group B received drops of ciprofloxacin in saline solution locally twice a day. We obtained a favorable clinical and bacteriological response. Bacteriological response observed in group B was statistically higher than that of group A (p < 0.01). Results obtained in this study suggest that ciprofloxacin locally administered is very effective in the treatment of chronic otitis media.
Mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids generates acetyl-coA, NADH and FADH
. Acyl-coA synthetases catalyze the binding of fatty acids to coenzyme A to form fatty acyl-coA thioesters, the first step ...in the intracellular metabolism of fatty acids. l-carnitine system facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-coA esters across the mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 transfers acyl groups from coenzyme A to l-carnitine, forming acyl-carnitine esters at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase exchanges acyl-carnitine esters that enter the mitochondria, by free l-carnitine. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 converts acyl-carnitine esters back to acyl-coA esters at the inner mitochondrial membrane. The β-oxidation pathway of fatty acyl-coA esters includes four reactions. Fatty acyl-coA dehydrogenases catalyze the introduction of a double bond at the C2 position, producing 2-enoyl-coA esters and reducing equivalents that are transferred to the respiratory chain via electron transferring flavoprotein. Enoyl-coA hydratase catalyzes the hydration of the double bond to generate a 3-l-hydroxyacyl-coA derivative. 3-l-hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of a 3-ketoacyl-coA intermediate. Finally, 3-ketoacyl-coA thiolase catalyzes the cleavage of the chain, generating acetyl-coA and a fatty acyl-coA ester two carbons shorter. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein catalyzes the three last steps in the β-oxidation of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acyl-coA esters while individual enzymes catalyze the β-oxidation of short-chain fatty acyl-coA esters. Clinical phenotype of fatty acid oxidation disorders usually includes hypoketotic hypoglycemia triggered by fasting or infections, skeletal muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, hepatopathy, and neurological manifestations. Accumulation of non-oxidized fatty acids promotes their conjugation with glycine and l-carnitine and alternate ways of oxidation, such as ω-oxidation.
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