The Estonian language knows several names for a flat cap: there are soni and the colloquial soge, in dialects we also find, e.g., kepka ~ kipka, hurask ~ vurask and keps. All those terms are ...loanwords in Estonian: soni is of (Baltic) German and soge of German origin, whereas kepka ~ kipka and hurask ~ vurask have been borrowed from Russian. The dialect word keps ~ käps, which has been recorded from three parishes (Muhu, Kihnu and Häädemeeste) is a Swedish loanword. The Swedish keps 'a soft rounded hat with a rather wide top, especially in the front, and a brim mostly covered with the same fabric, an (English) sports hat' is an English loanword, borrowed from the plural form caps. As the first Swedish use has been recorded in 1910–1912, the Estonian loanword must be relatively recent. In Estonian dialects the flat cap has also been referred to as lodu, lodumüts or lodukübar, losumüts, lotsmüts, lottmüts, lotumüts, ludumüts, lätumüts, lättmüts, läsumüts. All those names are motivated by the low and soft form of the hat. The names lodu- and ludumüts have also been used in standard Estonian, while ludumüts may as well refer to a beret. With time, ludumüts seems to have lost its 'flat cap' meaning in standard Estonian.
The Estonian language knows several names for a flat cap: there are soni and the colloquial soge, in dialects we also find, e.g., kepka ~ kipka, hurask ~ vurask and keps. All those terms are ...loanwords in Estonian: soni is of (Baltic) German and soge of German origin, whereas kepka ~ kipka and hurask ~ vurask have been borrowed from Russian. The dialect word keps ~ käps, which has been recorded from three parishes (Muhu, Kihnu and Häädemeeste) is a Swedish loanword. The Swedish keps ‘a soft rounded hat with a rather wide top, especially in the front, and a brim mostly covered with the same fabric, an (English) sports hat’ is an English loanword, borrowed from the plural form caps. As the first Swedish use has been recorded in 1910-1912, the Estonian loanword must be relatively recent. In Estonian dialects the flat cap has also been referred to as lodu, lodumüts or lodukübar, losumüts, lotsmüts, lottmüts, lotumüts, ludumüts, lätumüts, lättmüts, läsumüts. All those names are motivated by the low and soft form of the hat. The names lodu- and ludumüts have also been used in standard Estonian, while ludumüts may as well refer to a beret. With time, ludumüts seems to have lost its ‘flat cap’ meaning in standard Estonian.
Among other reasons, the phonetic variability of loanwords in Estonian dialects may reflect their origination from different but etymologically connected sources of borrowing. In an etymological ...dictionary, it is essential to find the words originating from different loan sources. In the present article, some dialect words and their variants are analysed from this aspect. Sometimes the different loan sources have concrete criteria, e.g. variants with different stem vowels in the words kann ‘jug’, nunn ‘nun’, and kirn ‘churn’, while some cases are not as clear, e.g. kartul and tuhl(is) ‘potato’, kapsas and kaapsas ‘cabbage’, and reetkamm and reigam(m) ‘reed’. If certain phonetic criteria are lacking, the areal distribution of variants may give valuable information about the possible loan sources. The analysis of a group of etymologically connected loanwords for ‘shuttle’, together with their further developments in Estonian dialects, illustrates the complexity of lexical relations in Estonian dialects.Kokkuvõte. Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Vilja Oja: Erinevad laenuallikad eesti murdesõnade variatiivsuse põhjusena. Üks laensõnade häälikulise varieeruvuse põhjusi eesti murretes on pärinemine erinevatest, kuid omavahel etümoloogiliselt seotud laenuallikatest. Etümoloogilistes sõnaraamatutes on eri laenuallikaist pärit sõnade eristamine põhimõttelise tähtsusega. Artiklis analüüsitakse niisugusest aspektist mõningaid (murde)sõnu ja nende variante. Eri laenuallikate tuvastamiseks on sageli kasutatud konkreetseid kriteeriume, nt sõnade kann, nunn ja kirn murdevariantide etümologiseerimisel on lähtutud tüvevokaalist. Paljudel juhtudel pole selgeid eristustunnuseid, nt sõnavariandid kartul ja tuhl(is), kapsas ja kaapsas, reetkamm ja reigam(m). Kindlate häälikuliste kriteeriumide puudumisel võib variantide murdelevik anda väärtuslikku teavet võimalike laenuallikate kohta. Rühma murretes esinevate süstikut märkivate etümoloogiliselt seotud laensõnade ja nende kohalike edasiarenduste analüüs illustreerib sõnavarasuhete komplitseeritust eesti murretes.Märksõnad: eesti murded, tüve varieerumine, alamsaksa laen
The distinctive lexicon of child and caregiver speech consists primarily of adaptations of words belonging to the standard language, but also contains loanwords. The article examines four words found ...in Estonian caregiver speech, paa(-paa), pibi, poppa and (h)äbä, which indicate pain or injury and which are used to warn a child against doing something that is forbidden or may cause pain. paa(-paa) is found in Northeastern Coastal dialects and Northern Estonian dialects, (h)äbä primarily in South Estonian dialects. pibi and poppa are less widespread; both are known in Northeastern Coastal dialects, and pibi is also found in three parishes of southern Estonia. All four words have a similar structure: two syllables and a repeated stem (with small differences in the repetition). The words paa and pibi have hitherto been considered adaptations of the words paha ‘bad, ill’ and kibe ‘sore, acute’ respectively, while poppa has been borrowed from Finnish. The word pibi is found in two separate regions of Estonia: in Northeastern Coastal dialects and also sporadically in three parishes in the South Estonian dialect area. In the Northeastern Coastal dialects and neighboring areas, the word is an adaptation. Synonymous and phonologically similar words are also found in Latvian and in Baltic German dialects; such words are most frequently attested in Baltic German spoken in Latvia. Presumably, the usages recorded in southern Estonia have been influenced by Baltic German dialects, cf. Baltic German Bibi ‘pain, small wound’. In Finnish the word poppa denotes fire, and the Karelian verb poppoa ‘to burn’, borrowed from Finnish, is also related to fire. However, in Northeastern Coastal dialects of Estonian, the meaning of fire is secondary, and in Votic the word only carries the meaning of pain(ful). The origin of South Estonian (h)äbä remains unclear. Upon closer investigation, it emerges that paa(-paa) is not an adaptation of the word paha, but rather has been borrowed into Estonian from Baltic German dialects, ← Baltic German baba ‘painful, bad, forbidden’, cf. German bäbä. Estonian in its turn may have influenced Estonian Swedish dialects, compare Estonian Swedish baba, with a long vowel, to the Swedish dialect form babba.
Tag is a well-known children’s game popular all over Europe. This is a chase game where usually one player chases all the rest. The game has a lot of variants and names. As revealed by the 1992 ...contest of school lore collection the four most popular Estonian names for the game are kull, läts ~ lets, mats and leka. The article discusses the possible origin of the names. The name kull is probably motivated by the general term for a bird of prey; a similar term has been used for the catcher in older Estonian song games. On the northern coast its transference from a song game to a chase game may have been fostered by the influence of Swedish Finnish dialects, cf. SwF kull interj, kωllω ‘tag game’. As for läts ~ lets, the term is a borrowing from the local version of German: Gm Letzter ‘tag game’, cf. letzt ‘last’, which has been interpreted as the tag or pat (Est ‘pats’) given to a caught runner to mark his new position as pursuer. Another, semantically close term for the game is mats. The term leka is a Russian loanword: Rus лепкa, ляпкa ‘catcher in tag games’, лепки, ляпки ’tag game’.
The article addresses the origin of the word krunn ‘hair bun’ and its synonyms in Estonian dialects. Previously, an EstonianSwedish loan etymology has been suggested for krunn, < krún, which implies ...that an irregular phonological change took place in the borrowing. This explanation was suspect due to the meaning correspondence between the source language and the target language. In the past, hair buns were typically covered by headwear, so it is not likely that there would have been reason to give them a name motivated by the comparison to a crown. In order to find a possible single basis for the naming of this hair style, I identified the synonyms of Krunn in Estonian dialects. Among the synonyms analyzed, two groups stand out, wherein the primary meaning (in addition to denoting the hair style) was 1) something small and round or 2) a bunch/bundle of flax, hemp, or similar. Loan etymologies are presented for the synonyms nukk, null, nuul (FinnishSwedish loans), nuut (from Swedish and German) and tutt (a Baltic German loan). Krunn could be an EstonianSwedish loan, the source being the stem runn, meaning ‘round’ (of objects). The wordinitial consonant cluster has emerged as a result of hypercorrection.
Laste- ja hoidjakeele eripärane sõnavara koosneb eeskätt üldkeele sõnade mugandustest, on ka laensõnu. Artiklis käsitletakse nelja hoidjakeele sõna: paa(-paa), pibi, poppa ja (h)äbä, mis tähendavad ...valusat, haiget ning millega hoiatatakse last millegi eest, mis võib tekitada valu või mis on keelatud. Kõigi nelja sõna struktuur on sarnane: kaks silpi ja (väikeste erinevustega) tüvekordus. Seni on peetud sõnu paa ja pibi mugandusteks (< paha ja < kibe) ning sõna poppa soome laenuks.
The stem variants panksee, pankse(-), panks(i)-, pank-, ponks(i)- ‘certain blue, violet colour’ have been recorded in the western dialect of Estonian, in the island dialect of the parishes on Hiiumaa ...and in Muhu and Kihelkonna parishes (ac¬cording to the card catalogue of Estonian dialect words, held at the Institute of the Estonian Language in Tallinn, EMSUKA). This shade of colour was achieved by a dye bought from a shop and it was used for colouring yarn, fabric etc. The same word was used as a name for the dye itself as well.
The stem may have been borrowed from Swedish or German, Swedish pensé paηse: ‘pansy’, German Pensée pã´se: ‘pansy’, pensée pã´se: ‘dark violet’. Swedish and German sources fit both phonetically and semantically. There is no record of the Estonian dialectal stem as a plant name. Thus the stem is borrowed only as a colour word, probably as the name of a dye shade bought from a shop.
It is more likely that the stem in question is borrowed from German. There are other colour terms in Estonian dialects, e. g. neibla-, neiblusinine (German Neublau), ordjan, ordjon, ordenikollane (German Orlean(s)) which are German loanwords as well.
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