Sakupljanje umetničkih predmeta ne-evropskih naroda počinje naglo da se širi sa kolonijalnom eskpanzijom. Španski konkvistadori transportovali su različite kulturne artefakte Asteka i Inka u Evropu, ...gde bi oni postajali kurioziteti u kabinetima plemića. U to vreme, to su bili pojedinačni slučajevi i nije postojala akumulacija egzotičnih predmeta. Međutim, daljim otkrićima, jačanjem trgovačkih puteva i osvajačkim ratovima, broj tih predmeta se sve više povećava i u XVIII veku osnivaju se prvi muzeji gde su oni prikazivani izvan privatnih kolekcija. U vremenu u kojem nije postojala fotografija niti film, za ljude koji nisu mogli da putuju, muzeji i javne izložbe predstavljali su glavni izvor informacija o primitivnim kulturama, ali i glavni izvor za građenje stereotipa o njima. Najvažniji među njima bili su veliki međunarodni izložbeni sajmovi tehnologije i umetnosti. Oni su predstavljali kamene temeljce globalne (imperijalističke) integracije i vizije sveta. Na njima su primitivne kulture i konfliktni aspekti imperijalističkog osvajanja i razvoja modernog kapitalističkog industrijskog društva „ispeglani” i poništeni kroz građenje slike o bezvremenosti i zaostalosti, kao i egzotičnoj lepoti i autentičnosti primitivnih kultura, a imperijalizam je uokviren u sliku opšte skladne komplementarnosti društvenih snaga i oblika kapitala u primitivnim i modernim društvima. U tom procesu, autentičnost kulturnih artefakata primitivnih kultura zajedno sa čitavim narodima i njihovim dobrima kolonijalizovana je i iskorišćena u funkciji ideologije modernizma i razvoja kapitalizma.
The colonial expansion has marked the beginning of the collecting of the art objects from the conquered countries and regions. Spanish conquistadors transported various cultural artifacts of Aztecs ...and Incas in Europe, where they became curiosities at the chambers of the royalty. With further geographical discoveries, through trade routes and wars, the number of these items considerably increased and in the 18th century the first museums were established where they were exposed for public exhibitions. At a time when there was no photographs nor film, for people who were not able to travel, museums and public exhibitions became the main source of information about primitive cultures, but also the main source for the construction of stereotypes about them. The most important among them were the great world exhibition fairs of technology and art. They represented the foundation of the global (imperialist) integration and vision of the world. The primitive cultures and various conflicting aspects of imperialist conquest were deleted by creating the image of their timelessness and backwardness, as well as of their exotic beauty and authenticity. Primitive culture and imperialism were framed in the common picture of their mutual harmonious complementarity. The authenticity of the cultural artifacts of primitive cultures together with the entire nations and their resources have been colonized and exploited giving way to the ideology of modernism and the development of capitalism.
The bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 has raised controversial questions concerning its legitimacy, justification, efficacy, and its impact on the health of Serbia's citizens. A striking lack of a clear ...and unambiguous common scientific attitude concerning the impact and harm of employing DU weapons, together with the absence of a clear political and legal attitude of international and national institutions, have been stirring up public opinion for decades, magnifying the ambiguity in dealing with this extremely important issue. It is obvious that, without sufficient and reliable research into the long-term impact of bombing with DU munitions, it will be very difficult to shape a grounded and plausible international policy concerning the usage of depleted uranium weapons. Moreover, it will provoke conflicts and increase 'the public fog' making it impossible to present an objective scope of damage and prove or refute the argument that DU weapons should be banned. In the case of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, almost 20 years after the bombing, the Serbian government established a Commission aimed at estimating the overall impact of DU 'bombing' of Serbia. During these two decades, the chances of a thorough and continual monitoring of the citizens and areas which had been exposed to DU were missed, in spite of the fact that the bombing of the FRY was the first case in which NATO had been forced to publicly confirm their usage of DU munitions. The paper addresses the following question: How is public opinion built in the absence of reliable data? The theoretical background in this approach is based on the theories of public opinion which assume that "individuals turned to the media to help themselves define social reality." (Moy & Bosch, 2013). This means that public opinion, particularly public opinion on controversial issues which are not presented in a transparent and objective way, is built on stereotypes framed by political assumptions and affinities, without making a clear distinction between facts and preferences. The paper presents the results of an online survey conducted on the sample of 534 Serbian citizens, in which we tried to use the above-mentioned approach as a hypothesis and to operationalize and prove it. The results show that attitudes toward the harmful effects of DU munitions depend greatly on the respondents' political affinities for the East or the West and their views on how the Kosovo crisis should be resolved. It also correlates significantly to their positive/negative identification with the Serbian national identity.
Since the opening of Japan to trade with the West, a cult of Japanese aesthetics in the art and design has been created in Europe. Japonisme exerted a remarkable influence on the emergence of ...Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, including a recognizable individual influence on key artists within those movements. Motifs, technique, composition, colors were directly borrowed from Japanese art, especially woodcats (ukiyo-e). Japonisme also influenced some later movements in painting and design, but Impressionism and Post-Impressionism represented the initial turning point. Only by considering the imperial expansion of Europe is possible to understand the essential components of that transmission, which requires not only art criticism, but rather, in its complexity, significantly overflows into the field of social critique and anthropology of art. The aim of this study is to trace the pathways and networks of exchange and power that facilitated the spread of Japonisme in Europe - to show how elements of Japanese culture were adopted, assimilated, and to what extent the inventions and originality of new styles and the establishment of new aesthetic standards relied on the dominant position of European culture, which could appropriate elements from other cultures. The study highlights how this transfer was marked by an exotic and Orientalist vision of Japan in Europe and examines the reception of the exoticization of Japan within Japan itself.
APSTRAKT: Polazeći od fundamentalnog značaja koji ima odnos izmedu prirode i kulture, a naročito odredenje prirode čoveka u humanističkim naukama, a zatim i od načina kako se ovi pojmovi i granice ...prelamaju, dekonstruišu ili potvrduju unutar feminističke teorije kroz kategorije pola i roda, analiziram u ovom tekstu cyber-feministički pristup Donne Haraway. Pojmove roda, rase, prirode, pola ona interpretira kao hrontope, promenljive proizvode specifičnih istorija dugog trajanja, a ne kao samorazumljive datosti koje bi bile utemeljene u biologiji. Uvodenjem kategorija hronotopa (objedinjenog prostor-vremena), kiborga (objedinjene mašine-čoveka-životinje), ktulucena (chthulucene) (epohe produktivne kakofonije i umrežavanja), Haraway dekonstruiše dihotomno razgraničavanje izmedu prirode i kulture, civilizacije i divljaštva, uma i tela, muškog i ženskog, kao i same granice izmedu roda i pola, karakterističnih za istoriju humanističkih i srodnih nauka, kao i za istoriju samog feminizma.
The text deals with the significance of the life of Clara Immerwahr as a
symbol in understanding the devastating impact of the use of chemical
weapons in World War I. With the use of these weapons, ...an accelerated arms
race began as part of the basic strategy of modern warfare and the creation
of a ?triumvirate? between economy, war and capitalism, which continues to
this day with catastrophic consequences and the spread of war and
environmental hotspots around the world. Clara Immerwahr symbolizes the
irreplaceability of humanity as a factor in the appreciation of any great
historical act and the significance of any invention or progress. The text
also addresses the impact of war on women's emancipation at the beginning of
the 20th century.
Current scientific and scholarly discourse on war, which represents the
legitimate knowledge and theory on war today, has been narrowed to the topics
and issues related to war doctrine and technology ...of war. It has become
reserved for the privileged ?green collars?, highly skilled professionals and
officers inside the military structure, which act in cooperation with the
political and economic elites, forming the triumvirate of power in
contemporary world. The opportunities for civil critique of military politics
and strategies of wars have been decreased enormously, in spite of the fact
that contemporary wars have spread deeply into the civil sector of society.
By looking into the social context and political background of the knowledge
reserved for the military experts, we can develop insights into the process
of the ideological framing of wars today, marked by naturalization and
purposeful interpretations of wars, as if they are fought in the name of
democratization of global world. At the same time, the image of the
importance of human factor in war has been decreased, as much as
responsibility for causalities. Citizens have been pacified for the silent
acceptance of military politics promoted in their countries.
Diskurs koji se danas smatra strucnim i naucnim razmatranjem o ratu -
legitimnim znanjem o ratu, naukom i teorijom o ratu - suzio se na ratnu
vestinu i tehnologiju ratovanja, postavsi duznost i privilegija ?zelenih
okovratnika?, oblast rezervisana za poseban vojno-tehnokratski, visoko
strucni, profesionalni i komandujuci sloj unutar drustva, koji deluje zajedno
sa politickim i ekonomskim elitama, tvoreci spregu moci koju Mills naziva
triumviratom savremenog kapitalistickog drustva. Mogucnost javnog prodora i
civilne kritike vojne politike i strategije vodjenja rata danas je svedena na
minimum, mada se ratovi sve vise prosiruju na sektor civilnog drustva.
Proucavanje drustvenog konteksta i politicke pozadine naizgled usko strucnih
vojnih razmatranja koja cine polje specijalnog znanja namenjenog ?epoletama?,
pruza nam uvide u to kako se ideoloski uokviruje i naturalizuje predstava o
potrebi vodjenja rata danas u funkciji ?demokratizacije? sveta i menja slika o
mestu i ulozi coveka u njemu, kako opada odgovornost za civilne zrtve u ratu
i kako se gradjani pacifikuju za lojalno prihvatanje ratova koji se vode u ime
njihovih drzava.
The paper deals with the issue of the fragile connection between social
sciences, humanistic sciences and feminism, arguing in favor of their closer
mutual influence. In the framework of this ...approach, paper presents the
results of the part of the research ?Politics of Parenthood?, based on the
feminist approach. The paper analyzes the delivery (giving birth) as an
important ritual in the life cycle of the largest number of women, through
which power relations in society manifest, and women are subdued. Research on
the issue of violence against women during delivery is part of the broader
research dealing with the social construction of women?s bodily experience
and female body as a social resource, in the processes that reflect and at
the same create gender inequality.
The text deals with the significance of the life of Clara Immerwahr as a symbol in understanding the devastating impact of the use of chemical weapons in World War I. With the use of these weapons, ...an accelerated arms race began as part of the basic strategy of modern warfare and the creation of a “triumvirate” between economy, war and capitalism, which continues to this day with catastrophic consequences and the spread of war and environmental hotspots around the world. Clara Immerwahr symbolizes the irreplaceability of humanity as a factor in the appreciation of any great historical act and the significance of any invention or progress. The text also addresses the impact of war on women's emancipation at the beginning of the 20th century.
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