Development of insecticides with unique modes of action is necessary to combat widespread insecticide resistance. A new class of insecticides has been discovered, the anthranilic diamides, that ...provides exceptional control through action on a novel target, the ryanodine receptor. Anthranilic diamides potently activate this receptor, releasing stored calcium from the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum causing impaired regulation of muscle contraction. Expression of a recombinant
Drosophila ryanodine receptor in a lepidopteran cell line confers sensitivity to anthranilic diamides similar to that observed with native receptors. Ligand-binding studies with radiolabeled ryanodine and radiolabeled anthranilic diamide in
Periplaneta americana reveal a single, saturable binding site for this chemistry distinct from that of ryanodine. Further, calcium mobilization studies using mammalian cell lines indicate anthranilic diamides exhibit >500-fold differential selectivity toward insect, over mammalian, receptors. Consequently, anthranilic diamides offer a novel pharmacological tool for calcium signaling research in addition to a unique alternative to existing pest-management strategies.
Highlights • Pre-plaque changes of systemic inflammatory markers. • Early communication between brain and blood immunity. • TKIs in early pre-plaque Aβ stages modulate systemic and brain immunity. • ...TKIs synchronize peripheral and CNS immune responses in early disease stages. • TKIs may be used in the treatment of early AD.
Efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on strawberries was determined using batch and continuous flow ClO2 gas treatment systems. ...Effects of continuous ClO2 gas treatment on total aerobic plate count, color, and residual ClO2 and chlorite on strawberries were also evaluated. Strawberries were spot inoculated with 7 to 8 log CFU per strawberry of each pathogen (E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes), stored for 1 day at 4°C, and treated at 22°C and 90 to 95% relative humidity with 0.2 to 4.0 mg/liter ClO2 gas for 15 or 30 min using a batch treatment system or with 0.6, 1.8, and 3.0 mg/liter for 10 min using a continuous treatment system. Surviving microbial populations were determined using a membrane-transfer plating recovery method. Increased ClO2 gas concentrations resulted in increased log reductions of each pathogen for both the batch and continuous systems. A batch treatment of strawberries with 4 mg/liter ClO2 for 30 min and continuous treatment with 3 mg/liter ClO2 for 10 min achieved greater than a 5-log reduction for both E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. After continuous exposure to 3.0 mg/liter ClO2 gas for 10 min followed by 1 week of storage at 4°C, no aerobic microorganisms were detected and the color of the strawberry surface did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Residues of ClO2 and chlorite on strawberries after the treatment were 0.19 ± 0.33 mg ClO2 per kg and 1.17 ± 2.02 mg Cl2 per kg, respectively, whereas after 1 week of storage no ClO2 residues were detected and residual chlorite levels were down to 0.07 ± 0.12 mg Cl2 per kg. These results suggest that ClO2 gas treatment is an effective decontamination technique for improving the safety of strawberries while extending shelf life.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is a common presentation in the emergency department and has a wide differential. Most presentations of DUB are in hemodynamically stable patients and can be ...evaluated as an outpatient. Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is one presentation that can result in a life-threatening medical emergency with unexpected sudden and massive vaginal bleeding. We describe a case of a 24-year-old female with sudden heavy vaginal bleeding requiring a blood transfusion, ultrasound evidence of uterine AVM, and a treatment method of expectant management using an intrauterine device in an attempt to preserve fertility.
An Update on End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring Selby, Samuel T; Abramo, Thomas; Hobart-Porter, Nicholas
Pediatric emergency care,
2018-December, 2018-Dec, 2018-12-00, 20181201, Letnik:
34, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
ABSTRACTEnd-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring is not a new modality in the pediatric emergency department (PED) and emergency department. It is the standard of care during certain procedures such as ...intubations and sedations and can be used in variety of clinical situations. However, ETCO2 may be underused in the PED setting. The implementation of ETCO2 monitoring may be accomplished many ways, but a foundation of capnography principles specifically in ventilation, cardiac output, and current literature regarding its application is essential to successful implementation. It is the intention of this article to briefly review the principles of ETCO2 monitoring and its clinical applications in the PED setting.
Several methods using bactericides, hydrostatic pressure, and post-package pasteurization technologies to control
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in ready-to-eat meats have been attempted. In addition to ...controlling LM contamination, any newly developed technology must have minimal effects on organoleptic properties. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the heat resistance of LM in two brands (A and B) of bologna differing in formulations, and, (2) evaluate the effects of post-package pasteurization on product quality. Fat content did not affect LM heat resistance in bologna at 55, 60, and 65
°C; however, Brand B bologna had a numerically lower inactivation rate. Microbial heat resistance differed (
P
<
0.05) with changes in pasteurization temperature. Time and temperature affected (
P
<
0.05) cook-loss and
L
∗ Hunter color value for both bologna brands. These data show that post-package pasteurization is effective but suggest that meat formulations may need modification to prevent development of negative quality characteristics.
This mixed-methods study examines an informal place- and community-based environmental education program implemented for rural, underserved high school students in Costa Rica's bio-culturally diverse ...Osa Peninsula. Using a community-as-pedagogy framework built on Paulo Freire's concept of a problem-posing education, we investigate how pedagogically-positioned social relationships mediate students' knowledge, perceptions, and leadership. We find linkages between existing community resources and endogenous environmental leadership, and suggest how making those connections strengthens students' perceptions of their social relationships and their ability to create meaning and take action. Through the program, students show an increase in knowledge about their local environment. They critically and socially engage with that new information, further developing networking skills in the context of community-informed environmental issues. After participating in the program, the students describe environmental leadership as requiring persistence, forethought, and a willingness to care for both the environment and community.
In this paper we suggest that a new theoretical framework is needed within environmental education in the discussion of rural, underserved communities in Latin America. We argue that a ...community-resources approach, comprised of funds of knowledge and social capital, should be incorporated into contemporary research on place- and community-based education and environmental behavior. The model we present builds upon previous research in the areas of education, anthropology, social capital, and environmental education. These perspectives are discussed in accordance with their relevance to high school students in one of the most bio-diverse regions of Central America: the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. In this context, we suggest that promoting environmental behavior is both contextualized by and dependent upon social and community interactions, or 'mediations,' after Lev S. Vygotsky. We believe that the framework presented here may contribute to increased socio-economic, academic, and environmental benefits for underserved, Latin American communities.
Lymphotoxin (LT)-α regulates many biologic activities, yet little is known of the regulation of its gene. In this study, the contribution to LTA transcriptional regulation of the region between the ...transcription and translation start sites (downstream segment) was investigated. The LTA downstream segment was found to be required for, and alone to be sufficient for, maximal transcriptional activity in both T and B lymphocytes. The latter observation suggested that an alternate core promoter might be present in the downstream segment. Characterization of LTA mRNAs isolated from primary and from transformed human T cells under different stimulation conditions identified eight unique transcript variants (TVs), including one (LTA TV8) that initiated within a polypyrimidine tract near the 3' end of the downstream segment. Further investigation determined that the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter that produces the LTA TV8 transcript most likely consists of a stimulating protein 1 binding site and an initiator element and that factors involved in transcription initiation (stimulating protein 1, TFII-I, and RNA polymerase II) bind to this LTA region in vivo. Interestingly, the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter was active only after specific cellular stimulation and was the major promoter used when human T cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 and fibroblast growth factor-7. Most importantly, this study provides evidence of a direct link for crosstalk between T cells and epithelial/stromal cells that has implications for LT signaling by T cells in the cooperative regulation of various processes typically associated with TGF-βR and fibroblast growth factor-R2 signaling.
Lymphotoxin (LT)- alpha regulates many biologic activities, yet little is known of the regulation of its gene. In this study, the contribution to LTA transcriptional regulation of the region between ...the transcription and translation start sites (downstream segment) was investigated. The LTA downstream segment was found to be required for, and alone to be sufficient for, maximal transcriptional activity in both T and B lymphocytes. The latter observation suggested that an alternate core promoter might be present in the downstream segment. Characterization of LTA mRNAs isolated from primary and from transformed human T cells under different stimulation conditions identified eight unique transcript variants (TVs), including one (LTA TV8) that initiated within a polypyrimidine tract near the 3' end of the downstream segment. Further investigation determined that the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter that produces the LTA TV8 transcript most likely consists of a stimulating protein 1 binding site and an initiator element and that factors involved in transcription initiation (stimulating protein 1, TFII-I, and RNA polymerase II) bind to this LTA region in vivo. Interestingly, the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter was active only after specific cellular stimulation and was the major promoter used when human T cells were stimulated with TGF- beta 1 and fibroblast growth factor-7. Most importantly, this study provides evidence of a direct link for crosstalk between T cells and epithelial/stromal cells that has implications for LT signaling by T cells in the cooperative regulation of various processes typically associated with TGF- beta R and fibroblast growth factor-R2 signaling.
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